1. Kingdom Plantae Notes
Mancheski 2013

2. Seed Germination
Seed Germination: Resumption of growth of the plant embryo following dormancy.
Dormancy: period in which the embryo is alive but not growing.
Steps to seed germination:
1. seeds absorb water
2. absorbed water causes
food-storing tissues to swell
and crack seed coat
3. the young root emerges
and begins to grow
4. the shoot emerges and
begins to grow

4. What factors might influence seed germination?

5. Roots Function: 1. Anchor plant in the ground and hold them upright
2. Hold soil in place (preventing erosion)
3. Mutualistic relationship with soil bacterial and fungi
4. Absorb and transport water and dissolved nutrients to the rest of the plant
5. Store food

6. Types:
1. Tap root
2. Fibrous root
3. Prop root
4. Aerial root

7. Stems Function: 1. support system for the plant body
2. transport system that carries nutrients
3. defense system that protects the plant against predators and disease.
4. produce leaves and flowers

8. Primary growth: growth from the tip of the plant (Apical meristem)
Secondary growth: growth in the thickness of stems and roots.

9. Stem Vocabulary Nodes: where leaves are attached.
Buds: where leaves attach to nodes.

10. Xylem (heartwood) – old xylem that no longer conducts fluid but helps with support.
Xylem (sapwood) – contains active xylem that transports water and dissolved nutrients.
Vascular Cambium – a meristem that produces new xylem and phloem, increasing stem width.
Phloem – a vascular tissue that transports sugars made by photosynthesis.
Cork Cambium (Bark) – a meristem that produces the protective layer of cork.
Cork (Bark) – contains nonfunctioning phloem.

12. Leaves Function: 1. plant’s main photosynthetic organs
2. increase the amount of sunlight a plant absorbs
3. Adjustable pores help conserve water while letting oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit

13. Leaf Anatomy Blade – thin, flattened part to collect sunlight
Petiole – a think stalk that connects the blade to the stem
Stomata – small openings in the epidermis that allow carbon dioxide, water and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf

15. Leaf Vocabulary
Photosynthesis – process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates

16. Transpiration – loss of water though the leaves
Wilting – the loss of water in the central vacuole of the plant cell, and therefore, loss of pressure.

17. Homeostasis
Plants maintain homeostasis by keeping their stomata open just enough to allow photosynthesis to take place but not so much that they lose an excessive amount of water.

18. Flowers
Function:
Flowers are reproductive organs that are composed of four different kinds of specialized leaves.

19. Flower parts Stamen – male parts of a flower
Anther – produces pollen grains
Filament – stalk that has the anther at its tip
Carpels – female parts of a flower
Ovary – produces the eggs (ovules)
Style – stalk that contains the stigma at its tip
Stigma – sticky structure used to capture pollen
Petal – used to attract pollinators to the plant
Sepal – enclose the bud before it opens and protects the flower

20. Fruits
As angiosperm seeds mature, ovary walls thicken to form a fruit that encloses the developing seeds
Strawberries, peanuts, rose hips, coconut