1. First Aid
Be Health Smart
Lesson 3, Chapter 3

2. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Motivation
First-aid might be needed anywhere, at any time, and without warning.
Studying basic first-aid skills will help you be prepared in emergencies.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

3. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Lesson overview
What is first aid?
How can you be prepared for an emergency?
What are universal precautions?
What are the four steps to take for most emergencies?
What are common emergencies?
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

4. Lesson overview (cont’d)
How should you treat a sprain?
How should you treat a broken bone?
How should you treat insect bites and stings?
How should you treat burns?
How should you deal with poisoning?
How should you deal with a foreign object in the eye?
How should you treat a nosebleed?
How should you treat fainting?
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

5. Lesson overview (cont’d)
How should you treat heat-related illnesses?
What are severe emergencies?
How can you help a person who is choking?
What steps can you take to treat shock?
How should you treat severe bleeding?
What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

6. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Warm Up Questions
CPS Questions
(1-2)
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

7. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Quick Write
Suppose that you witnessed a car accident. List the actions you would take to provide help and the order in which you would take them.
(Note: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS.)
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

8. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
What is first aid?
First aid—immediate temporary care for an injured/ill person until he/she can get professional help
Knowing first aid may
Help prevent further damage
Speed recovery
Make the difference between life and death
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

9. How can you be prepared for an emergency?
Learn basic first-aid skills.
Have emergency numbers on hand.
Know location of family health records.
Keep first-aid supplies at home and in car. Know how to use them.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

10. How can you be prepared for an emergency? (cont’d)
Make your own first-aid kit or buy one.
Basic first-aid supplies
Instruments (e.g., tweezers)
Equipment (e.g., thermometer)
Medications (e.g., antiseptic ointment)
Dressings (e.g., bandages)
Miscellaneous (e.g., face mask)
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

11. What are universal precautions?
Universal precautions—actions that prevent spread of disease by treating all blood as if it were contaminated
Examples
Wear protective gloves.
Use a face mask or shield.
Cover open wounds on your body.
Avoid touching objects that have had contact with victim’s blood.
Wash hands thoroughly after giving first aid.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

12. What are the four steps to take for most emergencies?
Recognize the signs.
Decide to act.
Call for help.
Provide care until help arrives.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

13. What are common emergencies?
Sprains
Bruises
Broken bones
Insect bites
Burns
Poisoning
Foreign objects in eye
Nosebleed
Fainting
Heat-related illnesses
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

14. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Learning Check #1
CPS Questions
(3-4)
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

15. How should you treat a sprain?
Symptoms
Swelling
Bruising
For minor sprains, use R.I.C.E. method
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

16. How should you treat a broken bone?
Open fracture—complete break with one or both sides of the bone piercing the skin
Closed fracture—does not break the skin
Symptoms—pain, swelling, misshapen appearance
Have X-ray taken. This is the only way to be sure bone is broken.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

17. How should you treat insect bites and stings?
General symptoms—pain and swelling at site of bite or sting
Severe reactions include rash, difficulty breathing, and signs of shock.
Require medical help
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

18. How should you treat insect bites and stings? (cont’d)
To treat bites, wash affected area and apply a special lotion.
To treat stings, remove stinger and apply ice or a cold pack.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

19. How should you treat insect bites and stings? (cont’d)
First aid for tick bites
Use tweezers to grasp tick by head/mouth parts where they enter skin.
Pull tick directly outward.
Place tick in alcohol to kill it.
Clean bite with disinfectant.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

20. How should you treat burns?
Treatment depends on
The amount of skin burned
The location of the burn
The depth of the burn
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

21. How should you treat burns? (cont’d)
First-degree burn
Affects only outer layer of skin
Usually makes skin red
May cause swelling/pain
To treat first-degree burn
Cool burn with water or apply cold compresses.
Cover burn with sterile bandage.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

22. How should you treat burns? (cont’d)
Second–degree burn
Affects first and second layers of skin
Causes blisters
Makes skin red and splotchy
Usually causes severe pain/swelling
Requires immediate medical attention
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

23. How should you treat burns? (cont’d)
A third-degree burn
Involves all layers of skin
May affect fat, muscle, and bone
May be charred black or appear dry/white
May cause little or no pain
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

24. How should you treat burns? (cont’d)
To treat a third-degree burn
Call for medical help.
Treat victim for shock.
Do not remove burned clothing.
Cover burn with bandage or cloth.
Do not apply cold water.
Keep victim still and provide fluids.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

25. How should you deal with poisoning?
Call nearest poison-control center.
Provide information about poison-control victim and poison.
Follow instructions provided by center.
Eliminate any direct contact between poisonous chemical and victim’s clothing/skin.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

26. How should you deal with a foreign object in the eye?
If the object is in your eye
Don’t rub.
Try to flush object out with clean water.
If unsuccessful, seek help.
If object is in someone else’s eye
Locate object.
Remove floating object on eye’s surface with cotton swab or clean cloth.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

27. How should you treat a nosebleed?
Pinch nose shut with thumb and index finger.
Breathe through mouth.
Keep nose pinched for 5 to 10 minutes.
Get medical assistance if bleeding.
Lasts for 15+ minutes
Is excessive
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

28. How should you treat fainting?
If you feel faint, lie or sit down and place head between knees.
If someone else faints
Leave person lying down.
Check airway.
Raise legs.
Loosen clothing.
Call for help.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

29. How should you treat heat-related illnesses?
Heat cramps—painful, involuntary muscle spasms that usually occur during heavy exercise in hot weather
Treatment includes
Resting and cooling down
Drinking water or a sports drink with electrolytes
Doing gentle stretching exercises
Gently massaging cramp
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

30. How should you treat heat-related illnesses? (cont’d)
Heat exhaustion symptoms—faintness; nausea; rapid heartbeat; and hot, red, dry, or sweaty skin
Treatment includes
Moving to cool place
Lying down and slightly elevating feet
Loosening clothing
Drinking cold (not iced) water
Keeping cool with water and fanning
Keeping careful watch
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

31. How should you treat heat-related illnesses? (cont’d)
Heatstroke—most serious form of heat illness
Main sign: marked increase in body temperature (above 104°F)
Other signs: rapid heartbeat and rapid/shallow breathing
Treat person for heat exhaustion and call for emergency medical assistance.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

32. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Learning Check #2
CPS Questions
(5-6)
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

33. What are severe emergencies?
Severe emergencies are emergencies in which a person may have only minutes to live unless the correct treatment is provided.
In such emergencies, try to stay calm, and call for help.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

34. How can you help a person who is choking?
Choking occurs when person’s airway becomes blocked by an object.
Signs of choking include
Expression of fear
Clutching throat
Wheezing/gasping
Turning reddish purple
Bulging eyes
Inability to speak
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

35. How can you help a person who is choking? (cont’d)
For an adult or older child, use abdominal thrusts—quick, upward pulls into the diaphragm to force out an obstruction blocking the airway.
The abdominal thrusts technique
From behind, wrap arms around person’s waist and tip person slightly forward.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

36. How can you help a person who is choking? (cont’d)
Make a fist. Place thumb side of fist just above person’s navel but below breastbone.
Grasp fist with other hand.
Quickly thrust inward and upward.
Repeat thrusts until food/object is dislodged.
If person becomes unresponsive, call for medical help and begin CPR.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

37. How can you help a person who is choking? (cont’d)
If you are choking, give yourself abdominal thrusts.
Make fist and position it slightly above navel. Grasp fist with other hand and thrust inward and upward into abdomen until object pops out.
Or lean over a firm object (back of chair) and press abdomen into it.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

38. What steps can you take to treat shock?
Shock—circulatory system fails to deliver enough oxygen to vital tissues/organs
Causes include
Injury, including burns
Severe infection
Heat
Poisoning
Blood loss
Heart attack
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

39. What steps can you take to treat shock? (cont’d)
Signs of shock include
Cool, clammy, pale or gray skin
Weak and rapid pulse
Slow, shallow breathing
Dilated pupils and dull look in eyes
Feeling faint, weak, confused, or anxious
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

40. What steps can you take to treat shock? (cont’d)
Call for medical help.
Have person lie down on back and stay still.
Raise the feet higher than the head.
Loosen tight clothing and keep person warm.
Do not give person anything to drink.
Roll person to side if vomiting or bleeding from mouth occurs.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

41. How should you treat severe bleeding?
Have person lie down.
If possible, raise bleeding site above heart level.
Wear protective gloves if possible.
Apply direct pressure to wound with clean cloth.
If unsuccessful, apply pressure to the artery that supplies blood to wounded area.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

42. How should you treat severe bleeding? (cont’d)
For arm bleeding
Use four fingers to press on inside of upper arm.
Press artery at this point against arm bone.
To find artery, feel for pulse below round muscle of biceps.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

43. How should you treat severe bleeding? (cont’d)
For leg bleeding
Use heel of your hand to press groin at area shown here.
Press artery at this point against pelvic bone.
You may need to use both hands.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

44. What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
Use CPR if person loses consciousness and becomes unresponsive.
CPR combines rescue breaths with chest compressions to restore breathing and circulation
Only properly trained people should perform CPR.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

45. What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)? (cont’d)
The first steps of CPR are the ABCs—airway, breathing, and circulation.
Airway
Look inside victim’s mouth and remove any obstruction.
Lay person flat on firm surface.
Gently tilt head back with one hand and lift chin with other.
If there are head/neck injuries, open airway by lifting jaw.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

46. What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)? (cont’d)
Breathing
Pinch person’s nostrils shut.
Take normal breath and place your mouth over victim’s and form a seal.
Give 2 slow breaths (about 2 seconds each).
Victim’s chest should rise with breaths.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

47. What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)? (cont’d)
Circulation
Check for circulation by watching for response to rescue breaths (breathing, coughing, or movement).
If no signs, a person trained in CPR should begin chest compressions immediately.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

48. What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)? (cont’d)
To combine rescue breaths with chest compressions:
Position your hands.
Begin chest compressions and rescue breathing.
Give 15 chest compressions at rate of about 100 per minute.
Pause to give two rescue breaths.
Check for signs of circulation after four cycles, then every few minutes.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

49. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Lesson review
First aid—immediate temporary care for injured/ill person until professional help arrives
Be prepared for emergencies.
Learn basic first-aid skills.
Have list of emergency phone numbers.
Know location of family health records.
Keep first-aid supplies at home and in car and know how to use them.
Universal precautions—actions taken to prevent spread of disease by treating all blood as if it were contaminated
Be Health Smart
Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

50. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Learning Check #3
CPS Questions
(7-8)
Be Health Smart
Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

51. Lesson review (cont’d)
The four steps to take for most emergencies
Recognize signs.
Decide to act.
Call for help.
Provide care until help arrives.
Common emergencies: sprains, bruises, broken bones, insect bites, burns, poisoning, foreign objects in eye, nosebleeds, fainting, and heat-related illnesses
Treat minor sprains with R.I.C.E. method.
X-ray any possibly broken bones.
Be Health Smart
Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

52. Lesson review (cont’d)
Allergic reactions to insect bites/stings need professional medical help.
First aid for insect bites: wash affected area and apply special lotion.
First aid for insect stings: remove stinger and apply ice/cold pack.
For tick bites, carefully remove tick with tweezers. Clean wound with disinfectant.
First aid for burns depends on amount of skin and location and depth of burn.
Burn classifications: first, second, or third degree
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

53. Lesson review (cont’d)
Call nearest poison control center to treat poison victims.
If skin comes into direct contact with poisonous chemical
Remove any clothing in contact with chemical.
Remove chemical from skin’s surface.
Call nearest poison-control center.
For foreign object in eye, try to flush object out of eye with clean water. If unsuccessful, get medical assistance.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

54. Lesson review (cont’d)
To treat nosebleed
Pinch nose shut with thumb and index finger.
Breathe through mouth.
Keep nose pinched for 5 to 10 minutes.
If bleeding lasts 15+ minutes or if there is a lot of blood, seek medical assistance.
Be Health Smart
Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

55. Lesson review (cont’d)
If you feel faint, lie or sit down and place head between knees.
If someone else faints
Leave person lying down.
Raise legs above the level of head. Loosen any tight clothing.
If person does not regain consciousness in 1 to 2 minutes, call for help.
If person not breathing, call for help and start CPR if trained.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

56. Lesson review (cont’d)
Heat cramps treatment: resting, cooling down, drinking fluids, gentle stretching/massage
Heat exhaustion treatment: taking person to cooler place, having person lie down and elevate feet, loosening clothing, drinking cool water, and keeping cool
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

57. Lesson review (cont’d)
Heatstroke treatment: same as for heat exhaustion but requires emergency medical assistance
Help a choking adult or older child by using abdominal thrusts technique.
If you are choking, expel object with abdominal thrusts technique or by leaning over firm object and pressing abdomen into it.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

58. Lesson review (cont’d)
For shock victim
Call for medical help.
Have person lie down on back; raise feet higher than head.
Keep person still and warm.
Loosen tight clothing.
Do not give the person fluids.
If person vomits or bleeds from the mouth, roll him/her to side to prevent choking.
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

59. Lesson review (cont’d)
To stop severe bleeding, have person lie down.
Try to raise bleeding site above level of heart.
Try to use protective gloves.
Apply direct pressure to wound with clean cloth.
If unsuccessful, apply pressure to artery that supplies blood to wounded area.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) combines rescue breaths with chest compressions to restore breathing and circulation. Only properly trained people should perform CPR.
Be Health Smart
Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

60. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Review Questions
CPS Questions
(9-10)
Be Health Smart
Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

61. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Summary
What is first aid?
How can you be prepared for an emergency?
What are universal precautions?
What are the four steps to take for most emergencies?
What are common emergencies?
How should you treat a sprain?
Be Health Smart
Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

62. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Summary (cont’d)
How should you treat a broken bone?
How should you treat insect bites and stings?
How should you treat burns?
How should you deal with poisoning?
How should you deal with a foreign object in the eye?
How should you treat a nosebleed?
How should you treat fainting?
Be Health Smart
Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

63. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Summary (cont’d)
How should you treat heat-related illnesses?
What are severe emergencies?
How can you help a person who is choking?
What steps can you take to treat shock?
How should you treat severe bleeding?
What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
Be Health Smart
Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid

64. Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid
Next
Done— First aid techniques for common and severe medical emergencies
Next— Benefits of Physical Activity
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Lesson 3, Chapter 3, First Aid