1. Medical Terminology REVIEWS
Mrs. Marr

3. Basic Structural Levels
Cells- simplest structural level
cells have structural differences that are closely related to the physiology of each cell type

4. What is a groups of similar cells joined together to carry out specific functions?

5. What is a groups of similar cells joined together to carry out specific functions?
Tissues

6. Epithelial

7. Epithelial- outer protective layer of body, lines various body cavities, ducts, vessels, and, covers the body surface.

8. Nervous

9. Nervous- transmits messages throughout the body

10. “ilio”- refers to hip
“costal” refers to ribs
“epi” on or above
“gastric” – refers to stomach
“hypo” beneath or under
“chondral”- refers to cartilage

11. Superior (closer to the head)
Inferior (closer to the feet)
Medial (lying closer to the midline)
Lateral (lying further away from the midline)
Posterior (dorsal) closer to the posterior surface of the body
Anterior (ventral) closer to the anterior surface of the body
Proximal- closer to the origin of a structure
Distal- further away from the origin of a structure

12. Superficial - relating to, or located near the surface
Deep - relating to, or located away from the surface
Median- midline
Intermediate -between two other structures
External refers to a hollow structure -external being outside
Internal refers to a hollow structure -internal being inside
Cephalad- toward the head (higher in position)
Caudad- toward the tail (feet- lower in position) 

13. Body Positions- The standard reference body position is called the “anatomical” position. The body is erect with feet together, limbs at the side, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.

14. Postures and Direction of Movement

15. Postures and Direction of Movement
Supine- body horizontal, face up

16. Postures and Direction of Movement

17. Postures and Direction of Movement
Prone- body horizontal, face down

18. Postures and Direction of Movement

19. Postures and Direction of Movement
Right Lateral Recumbent
The Right lateral recumbent, or RLR, means that the patient is lying on their right side.
Left Lateral Recumbent
The left lateral recumbent, or LLR, means that the patient is lying on their left side.

20. Postures and Direction of Movement

21. Postures and Direction of Movement
Fowler's Position
A person in the Fowler's position is sitting straight up or leaning slightly back. Their legs may either be straight or bent.
Trendelenberg Position
A person in the Trendelenberg position is lying supine with their head slightly lower than their feet.

22. Postures and Direction of Movement

23. Postures and Direction of Movement
Abduction
Abduction is movement away from the midline, or to abduct.
Adduction
Adduction is movement toward the midline, or to add.

24. Postures and Direction of Movement

25. Postures and Direction of Movement
Flexion
Flexion is to bend at a joint, or to reduce the angle.
Extension
Extension is to straighten at a joint, or to increase the angle, for example, from 90 degrees to 180 degrees.

26. Postures and Direction of Movement

27. Postures and Direction of Movement
Supination
Supination is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces forward.
Pronation
Pronation is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces backward.

28. What are anatomical PLANES

29. PLANES
In anatomy, a body plane is an imaginary flat surface that is used to define a particular area of anatomy. We usually use the umbilicus as a point of reference

30. What PLANE separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts

31. FRONTAL
(Coronal) separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts

32. What PLANE separates the body into Right and Left parts

33. SAGITTAL(MEDIAN)
separates body into Right and Left parts
Para-sagittal: unequal left and right sections
Mid-sagittal: Even down the mid line

34. What PLANE separates the body into Top and Bottom parts

35. HORIZONTAL (transverse or Cross-Section) separates the body into Superior (top/ Upper)
and Inferior (Bottom/ Lower) parts

36. Regional Terms Regional Terms-refer to special areas of the body
Cervical- refer to the neck
Palmar- the anterior surface of the hand; the posterior surface of the hand is the dorsal surface

37. Regional Terms
Thoracic- the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen that is commonly referred to as the chest or thorax
Dorsum- the top of the foot
Plantar- the sole of the foot

38. Regional Terms
Axilla (armpit)- the depression on the inferior surface of the attachment of the upper limb and the body trunk
Arm- the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow
Forearm- the potion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

39. Regional Terms
Groin (inguinal region)- the junction of the thigh with the abdominal wall
Thigh- the portion of the lower limb between the hip and knee
Leg- the portion of the lower limb between the knee and ankle

40. Low Back
Lumbar- the portion of the back between the thorax and the pelvis
Sacral- the lower portion of the back, just superior to the buttocks

41. Terms of Movement Protraction moving forward along a surface
Retraction backward along a surface

42. Terms of Movement Elevation raising a structure
Depression lowering a structure 

43. Terms of Movement
Circumduction 

44. Terms of Movement
Circumduction-combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial and lateral rotation (circumscribe a cone) 

45. Terms of Movement
Opposition

46. Terms of Movement
Opposition- bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up

47. Abdominopelvic area is divided into four quadrants :
Right Upper
Right Lower
Left Upper
Left Lower

48. The abdominal cavity can also be divided into nine regions to make it easier to identify organs
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac (inguinal)
Hypogastric
Left iliac (inguinal)

49. What are Body Cavities ?

50. What are Body Cavities ?
Body cavities- lined with membranes and contains fluid that surrounds structures within the cavities.

51. What Structures are in the Dorsal (posterior) Body Cavity?

52. What Structures are in the Dorsal (posterior) Body Cavity?
contains the cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)

53. What Structures are in the Ventral (anterior) Body Cavity?

54. What Structures are in the Ventral (anterior) Body Cavity?
thoracic cavity – consists of the pericardial (heart) and pleural (left & right lungs) cavities

55. What Structures are in the Abdominopelvic Body Cavity?

56. What Structures are in the Abdominopelvic Body Cavity?
abdominal (stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small & large intestines) and pelvic cavity, “true pelvis", bladder, rectum, female internal reproductive organs).

57. Regions vs. Quadrants

59. Organs

60. Right Iliac (inguinal)
Right Hypochondriac
Below, rib area- right (liver, gallbladder)
Epigastic
Above, stomach (stomach, pancreas, part of duodenum)
Left Hypochondriac
Below, rib area- left (spleen)
Right lumbar
Front- Lower back area- right (ascending colon)
Umbilical
Belly button- middle (small intestine, transverse colon)
Left Lumbar
Lower back area-Left (descending Colon)
Right Iliac (inguinal)
Hip- right (cecum)
Hypogastric
Below, stomach (urinary bladder, rectum, initial part of the sigmoid colon)
Left Iliac (inguinal)
Hip- left (inferior part of descending colon)

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