1. Enterococci in the Hudson River
What is it?
What does it tell us?
How does it get in the river?
How do we test for it?
What can we do about it?
PPT adapted from the summer 2007 research of
Suzanne Young, Barnard graduate. Project funded by The Hudson River Foundation through a Polgar Fellowship. (adapted by M. Turrin for Snapshot Day website)

2. What is Enterococci bacteria?
A bacteria correlated with many of the human pathogens found in raw sewage.
It replaced ‘fecal coliform’ as the federal standard for water quality in public beaches in brackish/estuarine waters.
Enterococci strongly correlates with swimmer illness so it is useful for testing in areas where the water carries a ‘recreational use’ classification*
*It is a goal of the Hudson River Estuary Program Action Plan that much of the river will fall under this classification.

3. What are Potential Sources of Sewage in the Hudson?
Combined sewer outfalls* 
Malfunctioning wastewater treatment facilities
Malfunctioning septic tanks
Runoff from streets and banks of waterways
Waste from boats and swimmers
* where sewage and storm drains are connected - as in NYC and - rainfall can cause the system to overload, bypassing the treatment facility

4. NYCDEP
How do CSOs work?

5. CSO Facts for New York City
70% of NYC’s sewers are combined
More than 494 outfalls in NYC
Overflow can occur with 1/10th inch of rainfall due to all the pavement and other impervious surfaces!
• Individual outfalls release sewage times per year
• 27 billion gallons/year is released in NYC
Take a look at a ruler and see what a little amount of rain 1/10th inch is!
That equates to once every 4.5 to 7 days, or the equivalent of one to two times a week!

6. Piermont Pier in Rockland County
In this study Enterococci is studied as indicators of raw sewage in the Hudson River focusing on two locations
Piermont Pier in Rockland County
125th street in West Harlem

7. 125th Street: Future Harlem Piers

8. Piermont Pier Suzanne collecting a water sample
Population (2000 Census): 2,607
Popular location for fishing, crabbing
Sparkill Creek drains 11.1 square miles of watershed. (
Pier extends 1 mile into the river, built in 1841 as terminus of Erie RR
Piermont Marsh is designated HRES site, rare birds are common

9. Tested using EPA Method 1600, which does not distinguish sources of the bacteria, only presence & rate of presence
The EPA standard for a single sample maximum is 104 Colony Forming Units (104) per 100ml of sample water.
Presence - shows entero colonies to be counted
Absence - Clean agar plate with no growth

10. EPA Method 1600: Membrane Filtration
The Procedure
Collect samples
Dilute samples
Filter diluted samples
Incubate on mEI agar plates
Count colony growth

11. Filtration Incubation at 41°C Colony Count
(As viewed through a microscope)

12. West Harlem Results Enterococci concentration reported as Colony Forming Units (CFU) forming per 100 ml - charted with Rainfall events
X axis represents dates June-Aug 2007
Look at this graph - Do you see a correlation between Enterococci (ENT) concentrations & rainfall? How often do ENT counts go higher than 104 CFUs/000ml?

13. Combined sewage outfall
>1500 CFUs/100ml

14. 3ml dilution
>1500 CFUs/100ml

15. Piermont Sampling Sites
Second Site - Piermont Pier - sampled in 2 places in Sparkill Creek and 3 spots around the pier
Piermont Sampling Sites
North Side of Pier
End of Pier
South Side of Pier
Sparkill Creek: Below Dam
Sparkill Creek: Above Dam

16. Piermont: Enterococci and Rainfall for a 2 week period July 16-30th
If you are comparing this graph to the Harlem River Site graph be careful to note that the Y axis here is in much lower increments, so overall rates of entero would be lower for this site.
Rainfall does not seem to be a main source of enterococci in the Sparkill - there is a consistent loading from another source…let’s see if we can tell what might be a contributor…

17. Piermont: North and South of Pier
North
South
6/25/2007
2.5
135
7/2/2007 20
77.5
7/9/2007
32.5
1500
7/18/2007
150
445
7/24/2007 10
630
*geo mean 19
338
Here is the data from sampling both sides of the pier. It seems the south side has a regular contribution.
P-value= .007
P-value <.05
*See next slide for discussion of geometric mean

18. Geometric mean & water quality
Many wastewater dischargers, or regulators who monitor swimming beaches and shellfish areas, must test for and report bacteria concentrations. Often, the data must be summarized as a "geometric mean" (a type of average) of all the test results obtained during a reporting period.
WHY? A geometric mean, unlike an arithmetic mean, tends to reduce the effect of very high or low values, which might bias the mean if a straight average (arithmetic mean) were calculated. This is helpful when analyzing bacteria concentrations, because levels may vary anywhere from 10 to 10,000 fold over a given period. In our sample on the previous page the range was from 10 to 1500, still a large span.
Very generally the geometric mean is really a log-transformation of data to enable meaningful statistical evaluations. Practical definition: The average of the logarithmic values of a data set, converted back to a base 10 number.

19. North Side South Side Outfall Pipe
On the South side of the pier is the Sparkill Creek and an outfall pipe. Look at the next slides to see if you can tell how much each might have contributed to the ENT counts.
Outfall Pipe

20. Sparkill Creek P-value= .18
Sparkill
Sparkill UP
7/2/2007
190
410
7/9/2007
315
575
7/18/2007
1500
7/24/2007
geo mean
606
853
P-value= .18
Both the upper & lower Sparkill sites seem to be regular contributors

21. Outfall and Mid-Channel Comparison
9/26/2006
13.0 2
10/18/2006
1500.0
11/10/2006
350.0
4/18/2007
624.0
272
4/25/2007
1500
102.5
5/21/2007
220.0 5
6/18/2007
25.0
6/20/2007
2.5
7/12/2007
12.5
7/16/2007
8/23/2007
324
geo mean
82.3
9.8
P-value= .055
Sampling at the outfall varies considerably with just over half the samples exceeding standards.
Piermont Outfall (from boat)
Tappan Zee Mid-channel

22. Mid-Channel sampling site from boat
Tappan Zee Bridge
Mid-Channel sampling site from boat
Piermont Pier
Outfall sampling site from boat
Could you argue that the Sparkill Creek also contributes to the Outfall sampling site? Would the tidal cycle at sampling time have any impact on contributions found from the Sparkill or the Outfall?

23. Previous Studies have considered other items like:
Salinity - found salinity negatively correlates with ENT
Grazing Communities - will affect bacteria mortality & inactivity
UV light - affects bacteria mortality & inactivity
Sediment - Like many other contaminants, bacteria can be retained & resuspended in sediments. Tidal resuspension of sediments is a factor to consider.

24. Conclusions Rainfall strongly correlates with ENT concentrations
Tidal action may influence persistence of ENT or disturb sediment and resuspend
Some wastewater treatment plants are not up-to-date with effective treatment processes
There is a need for holistic approaches, ecologically sound practices such as those suggested in the following slides…

25. Current CSO Legislation - legislation attempts to control the problem through laws/legal remedies
Clean Water Act - enacted 1977
EPA CSO Control Policy
Long Term Control Plans (submitted 6/30/07)
Tank construction
Floatables controls
Wet weather capacity upgrades
Sewer system improvements
No discussion of BMPs (best management practices) to reduce stormwater volume

26. We need to switch from thinking of stormwater as a WASTE to be treated (costing the city more money and energy) to looking at it as a RESOURCE to be used.
Yes, capturing more stormwater so that less volume actually reaches the rivers or sewers and treatment plants

27. One small way - encouraging Green Roofs/Rooftop Gardens
Capture and absorb stormwater
Create wildlife habitat
Counteract “urban heat island” effect
Aesthetic benefits
Costs ~$8-10/sq.ft. more than reg.

28. Incentives Chicago leads U.S. in sq.ft. of green roofs
first municipal green roof in country atop city hall
Provides grants and stormwater “credits”
Density bonus in central business district
Expedited permit process, fee waivers

29. PLANYC
In 2007, property tax abatement to offset 35% of the installation cost of green roofs

30. What Other Ideas Can you Think Of?
1.More street trees
2.Rain barrels 3. 4. 5.

31. Suzanne’s research was supported with help from: Peter Bower Greg O’Mullan Sarah McGrath John Lipscomb and Riverkeeper Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory Hudson River Foundation Natural Resources Defense Council