1. By PJ, Mitchel, Karly, and Sophie
Earth’s Oceans
By PJ, Mitchel, Karly, and Sophie

2. Compounds in the Ocean
Sodium chloride is the most abundant dissolved solid in the ocean

3. Oceans
71%
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern

4. Salinity
Salinity is the measure of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid
PPT(parts per thousand)
Increased through evaporation
Decreased through added water

5. Density More salinity= more density Evaporation= more density
Added water= less density
Deeper/colder= denser

6. Functions Regulates temperatures at different locations of the earth
Absorbs and releases thermal energy more than dry land masses
Keeps earth at a temperature suitable for life

7. Amaan, Patrick, Anna, & Emma
Chapter 2 ~ Section 2
Amaan, Patrick, Anna, & Emma

8. Exploration of the Ocean Floor
Sonar: Stands for sound navigation and ranging. Technology is based off the echo- ranging behavior of bats. It used to calculate the depth of the ocean
Satellite: Satellites from space send images back to Earth which can then be used for studying the speed and direction of ocean currents
GeoSat: A military satellite used to measure changes on ocean height
Piloted Vessels: (Ex) Alvin and Deep Flight. These vessels allow the ocean floor to be studied with people inside it.
Robotic Vessels: (Ex) Jason II and Madea. This vessels allow even more deeper exploration that is controlled robotically, without people.

9. Continental Margin Subdivided into the shelf, slope, and rise
Continental Shelf
Slopes gently toward the open ocean
Location: between the shoreline and the continental slope
Continental Slope
Steeply inclined section
Location: between the continental rise and the continental shelf
Continues down to flattest part of the ocean
Continental Rise
Base of the continental slope
Gently sloping
Location: between the continental slope and abyssal plain

10. Deep-Ocean Basin Composed of oceanic crust
Abyssal Plain: A broad, flat, almost level area of the deep–ocean basin
Covered by mud and remains of small decomposing marine organisms
Average Depth: 4,000 meters
Ocean Trench: A steep, long depression in the ocean floor that runs parallel to a chain of volcanic islands or a continental margin
Occur where one oceanic plate is subducted beneath a continental plate or another oceanic plate at a convergent boundary
Seamount: A submerged mountain made up of of volcanic material on the ocean floor
At least 1,000 meters tall
Form where magma pushes upwards through or between tectonic plates
Volcanic Island: Seamounts that surpass sea level

11. Passive Margins vs. Active Margins
Occurs on active plate boundaries
Earthquakes occur often here
Lots of volcanoes
Ex. West Coast (California)
Occurs where there is no active plate boundaries
No trenches, volcanoes, seamounts and earthquakes are not common
Ex. East Coast of the U.S.

12. By Caleigh, Lilly, Gabrielle, and Rachel
Chapter 3 Section 1
By Caleigh, Lilly, Gabrielle, and Rachel

13. Global winds and wind belt
Uneven heating of Earth
Equator vs. Polar Regions
High-pressure and low-pressure systems
Convection currents
Coriolis Effect = curving of wind direction

14. Wind Flow and Interaction
Northern Hemisphere
Clockwise
Southern Hemisphere
Counter-Clockwise
From high to low
Surface currents
Surface temps
El Niño
Global Wind Flow

15. Coriolis Effect Curving of objects from a straight path
Wind and surface currents move in curved paths
Caused by Earth’s rotation
Northern- clockwise
Southern-counterclockwise
Goes from high to low pressure

16. Deep Currents
Deep currents- A streamlike movement of ocean water far below the surface
Not controlled by the wind
Affected by the oceans temperature and Salinity
Salinity is the amount of dissolved solids in a liquid
Decreasing temperature and increasing salinity increases waters density

17. How they form Decreasing temperature
Cold air cools the water molecules causing them to slow down and move closer together
Causes volume to decrease and become denser
Increasing Salinity through freezing
When ice forms on top of the water, the dissolved solids are squeezed out
This increases salinity and increases density
Increasing Salinity through evaporation
When water is evaporated it leaves behind dissolved solids
This makes the water denser

18. How currents work
Surface currents carry warm less dense water to the polar regions
Warm water replaces colder dense, water that sinks to the ocean floor
Deep currents carry colder water along the ocean floor to polar regions
Water from deep currents rise and replace surface currents

19. Ocean Layers and Currents
By Jaycee Blythe and Caroline Whinney

20. Temperature Zones

21. Surface Zone
Thermocline
Deep Zone

22. Surface Zone Surface Zone Warm, top layer 300 meters below sea level
Sunlight heats top 100 meters
Mixes with cooler water below

23. Thermocline Thermocline Second layer 300 meters to 700 meters
Temperature drops faster than other two zones

24. Deep Zone Bottom layer From 700 meters down Deep Zone
Cold, unchanging temperature
1-3 degrees Celcius

25. Surface Currents

26. What controls their movement?
Causes of Surface Currents
Global Winds
Coriolis Effect
Continental Defection

27. Global Winds
Caused by uneven heating of the Earth which leads to differences in pressure

28. Coriolis Effect
Curved
Straight

29. Continental Deflection

30. Movement of Surface Currents in Hemispheres

31. Science Chapter 3.2: Oceanography
Surface Currents, Climate, Upwelling, El Nino

32. Surface Currents/Climate
Horizontal, stream-like movement of water that occur near or at the surface of the ocean
Caused by global winds, continental deflection, and the Coriolis affect
Climate
Weather in a area over a long period of time

33. Effects of Surface Currents on Climate
The California Current keeps the climate along the West cooler than inland climate year round
Temperatures of surface currents vary based on location
Warm-Water Currents:
Warmer climate: increased humidity
Cold-Water Currents:
Colder climate: drier atmosphere
The Gulf Stream current transports warm water from the equatorial region to the British Isles, warming the previously cooler climates of the North Atlantic

34. El Niño
El Nino: a change in the water temperature in the Pacific Ocean that produces a warm current
Causes of El Nino
Produced every 2-12 years due to a reduction in intensity of the Trade Winds
Less warm water is transported from the southern Pacific to the western Pacific
Negative Ramifications
There is no upwelling on the coast of South America
The coast of South America becomes deficient in nutrient-rich material
The western Pacific undergoes a series of droughts and experiences cold conditions
The eastern Pacific is subject to heavy precipitation
Significance
Scientists can prepare the denizens of coastal regions that irregular weather is to be expected

35. Upwelling
Upwelling: a process in which cold, nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean rises to the surface and replaces warm surface water
Upwelling is initiated by global winds blowing warm surface currents out to sea
When cold water rises to replace the warm water, it brings up nutrient-rich material with it that benefits plankton, and in turn, nekton

36. Chapter 3, Section 3
Waves
Erin McGovern and Olivia Luff

37. Parts of a wave Amplitude- ½ of the wave height
Crest- the highest point of a wave.
Trough- the lowest point of a wave.
Wave height- the vertical distance between the crest and trough of a wave.
Wave length- the distance between two adjacent wave crests, or wave troughs.

38. Why do waves change as they approach the shore and how?
Deep water waves become shallow water waves when they reach depths of less than ½ their original wavelength.
Volume remains the same; consequently, the wave height must increase.

39. What are waves on the surface of the Earth caused by?
Surface current- a horizontal movement of ocean water that is caused by wind and that occurs at or near the ocean’s surface.
Causes:
The Coriolis effect- the Earth’s rotation causes wind and surface currents to move in curved paths rather than in straight lines.
Continental deflections- when the surface currents meet continents, the currents deflect, or change direction.
Global winds- Different winds cause currents to flow in different directions.

40. Tsunami
Tsunami- a giant ocean wave that forms after a volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake, or land slide.
Causes:
Volcanic eruptions, submarine earthquakes, and land slides cause the trigger of tsunamis.
How are tsunamis different from wind driven waves?
Tsunamis are created from seismic activity, while normal surface waves are effected by global winds, the Coriolis effect, and continental deflections.

41. Abbey Iafolla, Julia Gleason, Lauren Achenbach, Emma Osilka
Tides
Abbey Iafolla, Julia Gleason, Lauren Achenbach, Emma Osilka

42. What are tides? High Tide Daily changes in level of ocean water
Regular pattern
High Tide
Water advances towards shore
Low Tide
Water recedes from shore
Low Tide

43. How Often do Tides Change?
Change four times per day
Two high tides
Two low tides

44. What causes tides? Gravitational pull of moon and sun Earth’s rotation
Greater influence: Moon
Closer to Earth
High Tides
Water faces moon
Creates a bulge on both sides due to speed of Earth’s spinning
Low Tides
Water is drawn away from other areas
Less gravitational pull
Takes 24 hours, 50 minutes for Earth to face moon again

45. Spring and Neap tides Spring Tides Occur twice a month
Full and new moon
Causes: highest high tide and lowest low tide
Sun, moon, and Earth are aligned
Neap Tides
Occur twice a month
First and third quarter
Causes: low high tides and high low tide
Sun, moon, and Earth form right angle
Spring or Neap Tide occurs every 7
days

46. What Are Tidal Bulges Water is pulled towards Moon
Earth’s rotation causes bulge
Causes low tides in between two high tides