1. CP Kingdom Protista
Chapter 19

2. Quiz Self Quiz 1. Have you ever eaten ice cream?
2. Have you ever brushed your teeth ?
3. Have you ever eaten sushi?
4. Have you ever seen red tide?
5. Are you of Irish heritage?

3. Questions you need to know…
1. What are the general characteristics of Protists?
2. What are the 3 types of Protist? (and some examples)
3. What makes Protists weird?!?!

4. Classification

5. What is a Protist? Classified in Kingdom Protista
“Protista” means “very first”
Evolved 1.5 billion years ago
Are like Plants, Animals and Fungi but aren’t
Why is this name fitting?
Protists are the simplest Eukaryotes
Nucleus and Membrane Bound Organelles
Domain Eukarya
Evolutionarily – could have been “ancestor” eukaryote organism

6. Protists are Weird!

7. Classification Classified by how they get energy
Animal Like Protists - Heterotrophic
Must EAT their food
Move around like animals
Unicellular UNLIKE Kingdom Animalia
Plant Like Protists - Autotrophic
MAKE their own food
Lack organs/parts UNLIKE Kingdom Plantae
3. Fungal Like Protists – Decomposers/Parasites
ABSORB their food externally.
Lack chitin and have centrioles UNLIKE Kingdom Fungi

8. Animal-Like Protists Once called Protozoans –“First Animals”
Make up 70 Percent of all Human Parasites
Why not animals? Unicellular!
4 Groups based on how they move
1. Zooflagellates use flagella to move
2. Pseudopods move by extension in cytoplasm
3. Ciliates use cilia to move
4. Sporozoans do not move at all

9. Zooflagellates Movement: flagella Eating: Through cell membrane
Ex: Trypanosoma – African Sleeping Sickness

10. 2. Pseudopods Movement: Pseudopods
Eating: Endocytosis through pseudopods
Structures:
Contractile Vacuole – controls water in cell
Food vacuole – holds food
Ex: Amoeba proteus
Ex: Amoeba enteraus

11. Amoeba in Action
How does it move?
How does it eat?

12. 3. Cilliates Ex: Paramecium
Movement: Cilia
Eating: Oral groove  gullet
Structures: micro and macro nuclei, food vacuole, contractile vacuole
Neat fact: Swap micronuclei during conjugation = sexual reproduction

13. Paramecia in Action

14. 4. Sporozoans Movement: Can’t move on their own (need a host)
Eating: through membrane
Neat facts:
Obligate parasites
Complex life cycles that involve many hosts
Ex: Plasmodium, Causes Malaria

15. Fungus-Like Protists Like Fungi:
Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.
Recycle nutrients
Unlike fungi: fungus-like protists have centrioles and lack chitin in their cell wall.
The fungus-like protists include:
1. Cellular slime molds
2. Acellular (Plasmodial) slime molds
3. Water molds

16. 1. Cellular Slime Molds
Movement: oozes along the ground like amoeba; spread spores
Eating: Absorb food through
Facts:
Spend their life as an independent individual that feeds, grows, and divides by cell division

17. Cellular Slime Molds in Action

18. Reproduction in Cellular Slime Molds:

19. 2. Acellular (Plasmodial) Slime Molds
Eating: absorb food
Movement: oozes along ground like an amoeba; can release spores
Fact:
Cells can fuse to produce plasmodia (a mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei but no cell walls or membranes).
THE MOVING, FEEDING FORM OF A PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLD IS A MULTINUCLEATE BLOB OF CYTOPLASM – THIS IS THE FEEDING STAGE OF THE LIFE CYCLE

20. Reproduction in Acellular Slime Molds:

21. Acellular Slime Mold
Fuligo septica (dog’s vomit slime mold)

22. 3. Water Molds Eating: absorbs nutrients Movement: spores
Facts: Phythora infestans – water mold that caused Irish Potato Famine

23. Plant Like Protists Main Characteristic: Chlorophyll
Green Pigment- traps light, carries out photosynthesis
Evolved from symbiosis of photosynthetic bacteria and larger, heterotrophic bacteria
Commonly called “Algae”
Many contain cell wall like plants
Lack plant organs/parts
Classification
Unicellular – unique characteristics – 3 types
Multicellular – type of pigments (color) – 3 types

24. Plant-Like Protists (Algae)

25. Plant-Like Protists: Unicellular Algae
The 3 Types:
1. Euglenoids
2. Dinoflagellates
3. Diatoms

26. 1. Euglenoids Movement: Flagella
Energy: Can eat (using gullet); can photosynthesize (using chloroplast)
Structures:
Flagella, Eyespot (detects light), chloroplast, pellicle (like a cell wall)
Facts:
Considered the most “animal like” plant like protist
Ex: Euglena gracilalis

27. 2. Dinoflagellates Movement: Flagella
Energy: Can be photosynthetic using chloroplasts or can eat
Facts: can produce toxins (red tide); are bioluminscent
Ex: Karenia brevis (causes red tide)

28. 3. Diatoms Movement: Floats Structures: silicon cell wall (glass like)
Facts: cell walls ground and used in toothpaste; bioluminescent, produce lots of O2

29. Bioluminescent Diatoms!

30. Multicellular Plant-Like Protists: Red, Brown, and Green Algae
The 3 phyla of algae that are largely multicellular are commonly known as:
4. red algae
5. brown algae
6. green algae
A major difference among these phyla are their photosynthetic pigments.

31. 4. Red algae Structures: Chloroplasts, phycobilin pigments Facts:
Live at deep depths
phycobilins absorb blue light (reflect red)
Carageenan – red algae compound in foods – “gel”
Ex: Chondrus crispus (irish moss)

32. Red Algae
Chondrus crispus
(Irish moss)

33. 5. Brown Algae
Structures: chlorophyll a and c, as well as a brown accessory pigment, fucoxanthin (foo-co-zan-thin)
Facts:
live in cool, shallow, coastal marine waters
Can grow LARGE
Examples: giant kelp

34. Brown Algae
Giant kelp

35. 6. Green Algae Structures: Chlorophyll a and c Cellulose cell wall
Starch storage vacuoles
Facts:
Can be uni or multi celled
Ancestor of modern plants
Some are single cells (ex: Chlamydomonas)
Some form colonies (ex: Volvox)
Some are multi-cellular (ex: Ulva)

36. Multicellular green algae
Spirogyra
Multicellular green algae
Chlamhydomonas
unicellular
green algae
Volvox
colonial
green algae
Ulva
multicellular
green algae

37. Ecology of Plant-Like Protists
Produce 90% of all oxygen on earth!
Phytoplankton = bottom of food chain
Human foods
Ice creams
Chocolate
Sushi
Plastics
Waxes
Paints
Agar
Can release toxin & choke environment – algae bloom

38. Summary
In a well developed paragraph, answer the question: “Why are Protists weird?”
Use the following vocabulary correctly in your response:
eukaryotic, heterotrophic, autotrophic, parasitic, decomposers, unicellular, multicellular

39. Pond Water Lab Review
1. Imagine you find an organism that eats food, has a gullet, micronucleus and macronucleus, and moves using cilia. Based on these characteristics… –
a. is it animal-like, plant-like or fungi-like?
b. circle which of the following it could be: euglena, paramecium, amoeba, green algae

40. Pond Water Lab Review
2. Imagine you find an organism that eats food and moves uses pseudopods. Based on these characteristics…
a. is it animal-like, plant-like or fungi-like?
b. circle which of the following it could be: euglena, paramecium, amoeba, green algae

41. Pond Water Lab Review
3. Imagine you find an organism that can make its own food using chloroplasts as well as eat food using its gullet. It has an eyespot that senses light and a flagellum to move. Based on these characteristics…
a. is it animal-like, plant-like, or fungi-like?
b. circle which of the following it could be: euglena, paramecium, amoeba, green algae

42. 4. Pond Water Lab
4. Imagine you find an organism that makes its own food using chlorophyll within chloroplasts and is never heterotrophic. It has a cell wall made of cellulose and stores its food as starch. Based on these characteristics…
a. it is animal-like, plant-like, or fungi-like?
b. circle which of the following it could be: euglena, paramecium, amoeba, green algae

43. Ch 19 “NO, THEY ARE NOT PLANTS”
CP KINGDOM FUNGI
Ch 19
“NO, THEY ARE NOT PLANTS”

44. What is a fungus? (answer this question in your own words)

45. General Characteristics of Fungi
Ubiquitous
Decompose
HETEROTROPHIC
Some are parasitic, some are mutualistic
Have plant & animal characteristics
Kind of PLANT-Like = many are anchored in the ground; cell walls (but NOT of cellulose)
Kind of ANIMAL-Like = Heterotrophic
On the living and on dead
Parasites
Saprobes

46. Fungi General Characteristics
Mostly multicellular
Yeast unicellular
They have a nucleus
Many have multiple nuclei
Much of their lifecycle is haploid!
They have a cell wall
Made of chitin – a protein/carb complex
Digestion is EXTRACELLULAR!
They secrete an enzyme that breaks down nutrients THEN they take them in
NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS!

47. FUNGI STRUCTURE Basic Unit = hyphae (fuzzy)
Hyphae can grow as individual cells or may fuse together
there are different types of hyphae
some for reproduction, some for growth, some for stability (sturdy)
Hyphae that form a web and work together = Mycelium

48. More about their structure….
The visible part of a fungus is only a very small part of the mycelium….
….most is underground or in the food source it is on/in

49. FUNGI REPRODUCTION Some reproduce asexually, some sexually – most both
Asexual reproduction
Fragmentation/budding,
Spores (clones)
Spores can be thick walled & resist water loss
(ie, the fungus won't dry out)
Sexual reproduction
haploid +/- hyphae fusion  diploid gametangium
meiosis  haploid spores  haploid organism

50. Reproduction in Fungi

51. --All have different hyphae types & reproductive structures
Classification
4 Groups
1. Zygomycota
2. Ascomycota
3. Basidiomycota
4. Deuteromycota*
--All have different hyphae types & reproductive structures
-- Classified based on how they reproduce!

52. 1. Phylum Zygomycota “Zygote fungi” Reproduce sexually & asexually
Formed from 2 different gametangium that fuse
Gametangium zygospore
Ex. Bread Mold, Athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis)

53. Zygomycota Hyphae a) Rhizoid b) Stolon c) Sporangia
Anchor the fungus in its food source
b) Stolon
Run along the surface of the food source
Give rise to 2 mating forms (“+” and “-”)
Sexual reproduction & growth
c) Sporangia
Also called “fruiting bodies”
Swell at the tips of sporangiophores
Contain the spores used for
asexual reproduction

54. Phylum Ascomycota Sac fungi Reproduce sexually & asexually
Spores (called ascospores) are made in a sac is called an ascus
Important fermenters
Convert sugar to CO2 & alcohol
Ex. Yeasts (with no hyphae), powdery mildews, food molds
Yeast = only unicellular fungus!
Infectious: candidiasis, ringworm

55. Phylum Basidiomycota Club fungi Reproduce sexually & asexually
Forms a club shaped structure = Basidia; this is where spores are made = Basidiospore
Cap = where reproduction takes place
Ex. Mushrooms, puffballs, smuts

56. Basidiomycota Reproduction

57. What is this mushroom cloud?
Spores!
Releasing millions!
Only 1-2/million spores may develop into mature fungus

58. Fairy Rings & My Dad

59. World’s Largest Organism
Just Kidding…..

60. World’s Largest Organism
Honey Mushroom (Armillaria ostoyae)
Blue Mountains of Oregon
Mycelium = 1,665 football field area
Mass is over 2,000 tons
Why can we only see so
little?!?!

61. Phylum Deuteromycota “Imperfect Fungi” Reproduce asexually only
Typical Molds
Uses:
Cheeses
Candy
Antibiotics (penicillin)
Illnesses

62. Penicillin
1928, Sir Alexander Fleming observed that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed by the mold Penicillium notatum

63. Aspergillus Can cause severe lung infection Can form endospores
2-4,000 year old endospore of Aspergillus niger may have caused the death of initial archeology team members excavating tombs

64. MUTUALISTIC FUNGI
2 types
a) Lichens
b) Mycorrhizae

65. a) Lichens
SYMBIOSIS of a fungus (usually an ascomycetes) with an algae OR a cyanobacteria
The fungal partner benefits by getting sugars, its only nutrients, from the algae which photosynthesize.
The algal partner gets protection and nutrients broken down by the fungal partner.

66. b) Mycorrhizae
Fungus & Plant
Hyphae grow on
roots of plant
How does each benefit?

68. Now for some corny biology jokes….
What do mushroom spores do for fun?

69. I’ve taken a real
Lichen to you!
Hee hee hee hee!

72. QUIZ TIME Answer Questions - True or False…if false CORRECT it!
1. Fungi are autotrophs (use photosynthesis).
2. Fungi spend much of their lives in a haploid state.
3. There are 3 Phyla of Fungi.
4. Fungi have cell walls made of cellulose.
5. Fungi are made up of special cells called hyphae.

73. QUIZ TIME – Answers! 1. Fungi are autotrophs (use photosynthesis). F
2. Fungi spend much of their lives in a haploid state. T
3. There are 3 Phyla of Fungi. F
4. Fungi have cell walls made of cellulose. F
5. Fungi are made up of special cells called hyphae. T