1. Voluntary, Rights-based Family Planning: Why, What and How?
Voluntary, Rights-based Family Planning Framework Orientation
Doc id

2. Agenda Opening Remarks – name, title Ice breaker
Presentation: Introduce the VRBFP Framework
Discussion
Case Studies
Facilitator: name, title
- Add detail (time, names) from the workshop agenda
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

3. Objectives
Explain why it is important for family planning programs to take a voluntary, rights-based approach
Introduce what a rights-based approach in FP is using the Voluntary, Rights-based FP framework
Describe how the framework and approach can be used in programs
(Optional) Provide a hands-on opportunity to apply the framework using case studies
Review orientation objectives
If using the case study activity, remove (Optional) from objective 4
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

4. WHY?
The importance of taking a voluntary, rights-based approach to family planning
- This section introduces the challenges and issues that FP programs face and how a rights-based approach can benefit programs, providing a rationale for taking this approach.
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

5. History of Rights and Family Planning
History of associating human rights with FP and SRHR
Tehran 1968 – Human Rights Conference – voluntarism in FP
Cairo 1994 – ICPD – reproductive health and rights
Issues in FP/population programs
Examples of coercion and forced sterilization (India, China, Peru, etc)
Civil society participation
Attention to accountability mechanisms
Effective use of human rights treaty bodies to address issues of coercion and human rights violations
There is a human rights basis for providing family planning information, services, and education.
The right of couples to decide, freely and responsibly, the number, timing and spacing of their children was included as part of human rights as early as This includes an emphasis on voluntary use of family planning.
The Programme of Action from the U.N. International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo reiterated this right and expanded the focus to include related sexual and reproductive health issues.
Human rights violations have, at times, tainted FP programs.
Civil society has actively engaged with FP to improve the quality of programs, raise awareness about issues, and increase the accountability of programs and address problems.
Civil society has also been antagonistic towards FP programs and has at times detracted investment in FP
Human rights accountability mechanisms have been and can be called upon to help redress rights violations
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

6. Coercion in Family Planning: past and present examples
Enforced policies limiting the number of births (e.g. China but more recently contemplated in Africa)
Involuntary Contraceptive Use (e.g. China, India/Emergency, Peru, US often targeted at poor and marginalized)
Excessive Social Pressure (e.g. China, Indonesia, but potentially Rwanda and Ethiopia - fine line between efforts to change social norms and coercion)
Targets and Performance Management Indicators linked to numbers of acceptors (e.g. China, Indonesia, Rwanda, Performance-based Financing focused on numbers)
Incentives and disincentives (e.g. Bangladesh, India, payments to providers)
Some of the issues that have drawn criticism towards family planning programs include
Policies limiting the number of births
Involuntary contraceptive use
Excessive social pressure
Targets and Indicators linked to numbers of acceptors
Incentives and disincentives for use
The first two issues are human rights violations, while the final three red flags that show that voluntary FP use may be at risk.
Coercion and human rights violations harm people and cause lasting damage to programs and methods
Hardee et al, 2014 (cite Perspectives article)

7. Challenges to Rights: it’s not just about coercion
Subtle
Overt
Provider bias for specific methods
Misinterpretation of eligibility criteria
Incentives (e.g. performance-based financing)
Targets and quotas
Involuntary sterilization of ethnic minorities (Peru, Roma, U.S.) and HIV + women (Namibia, Ukraine, Kenya)
PPIUD insertion w/out consent (Mexico, India)
Withholding benefits
Lack of :
accurate information
community or spousal support for FP or specific methods
access to new/innovative contraceptive technologies
Poor quality of services
Gender norms and status of women
Negative attitudes towards marginalized populations
Limited choice of method available (not offered); out of stock
Lack of equitable distribution of FP outlets
Lack of trained providers
Cost unaffordable
Denial of family planning to unmarried youth
Coercion
Coercion is one side of the voluntarism and human rights coin. Blatant coercion gets most of the attention.
There are other aspects of family planning provision that may impede fulfillment of or violate human rights
More subtle types of coercion include (read from slide) and can create pressure to accept FP or a particular method, compromising voluntary choice about contraceptive use
Barriers to access are also human rights violations.
Some barriers to access are overt – such as lack of providers, supplies, or denial of services to certain populations
Others barriers are more subtle, indirect or inadvertent, but still prevent a person’s right to family planning from being fulfilled.
Subtle barriers include poor quality services, lack of information, and attitudes and norms that make FP use difficult
Barriers

8. A rights-based approach can address each of these challenges
Challenges to Voluntarism: it’s not just about coercion
Subtle
Overt
Provider bias for specific methods
Misinterpretation of eligibility criteria
Incentives (e.g. performance-based financing)
Targets and quotas
Involuntary sterilization of ethnic minorities (Peru, Roma, U.S.) and HIV + women (Namibia, Ukraine, Kenya)
PPIUD insertion w/out consent (Mexico, India)
Withholding benefits
Lack of :
accurate information
community or spousal support for FP or specific methods
access to new/innovative contraceptive technologies
Poor quality of services
Gender norms and status of women
Attitudes towards marginalized populations
Limited choice of method available (not offered)
Lack of equitable distribution of FP outlets
Lack of trained providers
Cost
Denial of family planning to unmarried youth
Coercion
A rights-based approach can address each of these challenges
Using a rights-based approach to family planning can address the challenges
A human rights approached based on health systems strengthening can help FP programs respect, protect and fulfill human rights
Barriers

9. WHAT IS A RIGHTS- BASED APPROACH?
- This session describes the underlying concepts and principles used to develop the VRBFP framework.
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

10. What is a Human Rights Approach?
Principle
Action
Participation/ Empowerment
Communities and individuals are empowered to know and demand fulfillment of their rights
Recognize people as key actors in their own development, rather than passive recipients of commodities and services.
Accountability
Governments that have signed human rights treaties have obligations to
Put monitoring mechanisms in place, and
Demonstrate efforts towards progressive realization of rights. M&E of both processes and outcomes of programs
Non-discrimination & Equity
Increases focus on structural barriers that lead to inequities in access and quality of FP services.
Linked to treaty bodies
Align programs with governments’ legal obligations to uphold rights
Participation, Accountability, Non-discrimination, Empowerment, and Linked to treat bodies (PANEL) are commonly accepted HR based programming principles
Note: define each of the principles using the slide as prompts
For additional background on HRBA please see references in facilitators guidance
Human rights-based approaches hold the dignity of individuals at the center
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

11. Additional Principles
Voluntary Family Planning (USAID):
The opportunity to choose voluntarily whether to use FP or a specific FP method
Access to information on a wide variety of FP choices
Clients are offered, either directly or through referral, a broad range of methods and services
Verify client’s voluntary and informed consent for sterilization in a written consent document signed by the client
Public Health Programming:
Beneficence
Equity
Autonomy/Agency
Human rights principles complement other common family planning and public health principles
(Review and define principles on the slide)

12. Legally Defined Human Rights Related to Reproductive health
Summarized from Global Treaties and Conventions
Legally defined human rights have been translated into reproductive rights, such as in the IPPF Charter on Sexual and Reproductive Rights
This list of rights supports many elements of sexual and reproductive health including access to family planning services
For further background see the references in the facilitator’s guidance
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

13. 3 Broad Categories of Reproductive Rights
Rights to reproductive self-determination
Right to bodily integrity and security of person
Rights of couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children
Right to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence
Rights to sexual and reproductive health services, information, and supplies
Including right to the highest attainable standard of health
Rights to equality and nondiscrimination
The longer list of rights can be grouped into three categories, as done by Erdman and Cook
These three rights support voluntary family planning
For further background see the references in the facilitator’s guidance
Erdman and Cook (2008)
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

14. Right to Health: Governments have an obligation to provide health services that are:
Rights elements
Program implications
Available
Broad choice of methods offered
Sufficient number and needs-based distribution of functioning service delivery points
Accessible
Information available in language/terms people can understand;
geographic access, financial access, policy access
Continuous contraceptive security; convenient service hours; service integration increases access
Acceptable
Cultural acceptability of FP and specific methods;
community/family supports women’s right to choose;
tolerance of side effects;
client satisfaction with services
Quality
Clinical quality/technical competence
good client-provider interactions and counseling
privacy, dignity, respect demonstrated in service delivery 
Continuity of care
The right to health is not the same as the right to be healthy
To clarify governments’ obligations to fulfill the right to health, General Comment 14 was published
The right to health provides a set of required conditions programs are responsible for as they expand FP services including Available, Accessible, Acceptable, and Quality (AAAQ)
(explain the concepts of AAAQ as indicated on the slide)
For further background see the references in the facilitator’s guidance
General Comment 14, Article 12 from the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

15. Other related concepts
CREATE A WORD CLOUD:
Rights-based approach
Voluntary FP
Full, free and informed choice
Contraceptive choice
Quality of Care
Quality assurance/ improvement
Many aspects and elements of quality family planning programs are related to human rights based programming. These are some related terms and concepts that are familiar to the FP community.
November 12, 2013
© 2013 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

16. A Rights-based Approach…
Improves the availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of family planning information, services and supplies
Ensures voluntarism by protecting the right of the individual to decide freely and responsibly, whether and/or when to have children and promotes programmatic attention to full, free and informed choice
Expands access to family planning without discrimination or coercion
Demands that accountability systems are in place to effectively expose vulnerabilities, and requires that alleged or confirmed rights violations and issues are dealt with in a significant, timely, and respectful manner
Considers how programs are designed to respect dignity and promote individual agency
A rights based approach builds on what family planning programs already do
FP programs already strive in increase the availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of programs and generally work to ensure voluntarism
The rights approach increases emphasis on equity and non-discrimination so that all people gain access to services
It also demands that accountability systems are put in place
The rights approach keeps the dignity and agency of individuals at the center of program design
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

17. HOW TO OPERATIONALIZE RIGHTS IN FAMILY PLANNING
- This section takes the concepts we just reviewed and shows how they have been integrated into the VRBFP framework so they can be operationalized in FP programs
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

18. Operationalizing Human Rights in Family Planning
How can we ensure public health programs oriented toward increasing voluntary family planning access and use respect, protect and fulfill human rights in the way they are designed, implemented and evaluated?
Using both human rights and public health principles, the framework was developed to answer the question:
How can we ensure public health programs oriented toward increasing voluntary family planning access and use respect, protect and fulfill human rights in the way they are designed, implemented and evaluated?
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

19. INPUTS/ACTIVITIES OUTPUTS OUTCOMES COUNTRY CONTEXT IMPACT Policy Level
Framework for Voluntary Family Planning Programs that Respect, Protect, and Fulfill Human Rights
INPUTS/ACTIVITIES
Policy Level
OUTPUTS
OUTCOMES
IMPACT
Service Level
COUNTRY CONTEXT
Community Level
Individual Level
The framework was designed as a logic model linking inputs and activities to outputs, outcomes and impact
The framework provides a structure for looking at four levels of action: policy, service, community and individual, all situated within a particular context
A logic model format emphasizes results and encourages testing of assumptions about program interventions
Citation: Hardee, K., et al Voluntary Family Planning Programs that Respect, Protect, and Fulfill Human Rights: A Conceptual Framework. Washington, DC: Futures Group.
August 2013

20. Assess to inform interventions
Framework for Voluntary Family Planning Programs that Respect, Protect, and Fulfill Human Rights
INPUTS & ACTIVITIES
OUTPUTS
OUTCOMES
IMPACT
POLICY LEVEL
Illustrative
Family planning services are
Available (adequate number of service delivery points, equitably distributed)
Accessible (affordable and equitable; free from discrimination; no missed opportunities for service provision)
Acceptable (respectful of medical ethics, culturally appropriate, and clients’ views are valued)
Highest quality (scientifically and medically appropriate and of good quality (e.g., full, free, and informed decisions; a broad choice of methods continuously available; accurate, unbiased, and comprehensive information; technical competence; high-quality client-provider interactions; follow-up and continuity mechanisms; and appropriate constellation of services)
Accountability systems are in place, which effectively expose any vulnerabilities, and alleged or confirmed rights violations and issues are dealt with in a significant, timely, and respectful manner
Communities actively participate in program design, monitoring, accountability, and quality improvement
Community norms support the health and rights of married and unmarried women, men, and young people and their use of family planning
Agency of individuals is increased to enable them to make and act on reproductive health decisions
Illustrative
Women, men, and young people decide for themselves— free from discrimination, coercion, and violence— whether, when, and how many children to have and have access to the means to do so
Trust in FP programs is increased
Universal access to FP is achieved
Equity in service provision and use is increased
Availability of a broad range of contraceptive methods is sustainable
Women get methods they want without barriers or coercion
FP needs are met; demand is satisfied
Decreased
Unintended pregnancies
Maternal/infant deaths
Unsafe abortions
Adolescent fertility rate
Total fertility rate
Increased
Agency to achieve reproductive intentions throughout the lifecycle
Well-being of individuals, families, communities, and countries
Develop/revise/implement policies to respect/protect/fulfill rights and eliminate policies that create unnecessary barriers to access (All Rs)*
Develop/revise/implement policies to ensure contraceptive security, including access to a range of methods and service modalities, including public, private, and NGO (R2)
Create processes and an environment that supports the participation of diverse stakeholders (e.g. policymakers, advocacy groups, community members) (R2/R3)
Support and actively participate in monitoring and accountability processes, including commitments to international treaties (All Rs)
Guarantee financing options to maximize access, equity, nondiscrimination, and quality in all settings (R2/R3)
SERVICE LEVEL
Inform and counsel all clients in high-quality interactions that ensure accurate, unbiased, and comprehensible information and protect clients’ dignity, confidentiality, and privacy and refer to other SRH services (All Rs)
Ensure high-quality care through effective training and supervision and performance improvement and recognize providers for respecting clients and their rights (All Rs)
Ensure equitable service access for all, including disadvantaged, marginalized, discriminated against, and hard-to-reach populations, through various service models (including integrated, mobile, and/or youth-friendly services) and effective referral to other SRH services (All Rs)
Routinely provide a wide choice of methods and ensure proper removal services, supported by sufficient supply, necessary equipment, and infrastructure (R2)
Establish and maintain effective monitoring and accountability systems with community input; strengthen HMIS and QA/QI processes (All Rs)
Assess to inform interventions
COUNTRY CONTEXT
COMMUNITY LEVEL
Engage diverse groups in participatory program development and implementation processes (R2/R3)
Build/strengthen community capacity in monitoring and accountability and ensure robust means of redress for violations of rights (R2/R3)
Empower and mobilize the community to advocate for reproductive health funding and an improved country context and enabling environment for FP access and use (All Rs)
Transform gender norms and power imbalances and reduce community-, family-, and partner-level barriers that prevent access to and use of FP (R3)
Support healthy transitions from adolescence to adulthood (All Rs)
* Reproductive rights:
R1: reproductive self- determination
R2: access to sexual and reproductive health services, commodities, information, and education
R3: equality and non- discrimination
(“All Rs” indicates that all rights are encompassed)
NOTE: This slide is animated
The framework has been vetted and received input from dozens of people. With each review the inputs and activities were made more comprehensive, and the font got smaller. **Ask participants to refer to their framework handout so they can read the content of the framework
First click:
The framework is a logic model
Second click:
The activities are linked to the three reproductive rights categories described by Erdman and Cook
Third click:
The model takes into account the country (or local) context in which programs operate.
The context needs to be assessed to inform FP interventions and ensure they are appropriate
Fourth Click:
There are four levels of action in the health system, and therefore in FP programs: policy, service, community and individual.
Fifth – Eighth clicks (content of the level boxes are filled in)
Each of the levels has actions that contribute to quality family planning programs and fulfilling human rights
(Provide an example from each level as the content appears and say which reproductive right is associated with it)
- The framework includes additional detail for the country context and all levels of action
Ninth click:
The outputs include availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality, as well other human rights related outcomes
Tenth and eleventh clicks:
There are many outcomes and impacts of family planning programs.
The outcomes and impact that programs monitor may vary from project to project (Note that FP2020 is developing core, global indicators)
The framework provides some examples, but not a comprehensive list.
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
Increase access to information on reproductive rights, contraceptive choices (All Rs)
Empower, through education and training about reproductive health, self-esteem, rights, life-skills, and interpersonal communication (R1/R2)
Foster demand for high-quality services and supplies through IEC/BCC and empower individuals to demand their rights be respected, protected, and fulfilled (R2)
August 2013
Citation: Hardee, K., et al Voluntary Family Planning Programs that Respect, Protect, and Fulfill Human Rights: A Conceptual Framework. Washington, DC: Futures Group.

21. Country Context Country Governance Health Governance Funding/Resources
Assess the overall country and global context—within which voluntary, human rights-based family planning is situated—and use the findings to inform interventions at all levels, including interventions related to marginalized and vulnerable populations:
Country Governance
Health Governance
Funding/Resources
Health Policy Environment
Sociocultural context and gender norms
Diverse stakeholder participation
Adherence to global human rights agreements
Global accountability of actors
National accountability mechanisms
FP programs are situated within a country context, which needs to be assessed prior to designing and implementing interventions
Areas to assess include (read the list and provide detail for 1 or 2 areas of interest):
Overall country governance, including the World Bank’s six dimensions of overall governance— accountability and voice, political stability and support, rule of law/regulatory quality, government effectiveness, power relationships and dynamics, and control of corruption
Health governance, including government stewardship for health (e.g., health systems strengthening through the establishment of health systems building blocks) and family planning/reproductive health
Financing/resources, including the availability of funding at national and local levels for health, reproductive health, and family planning
Health policy environment, including those policies related to family planning (e.g., safe motherhood policy, youth policy) and health status (e.g., maternal morbidity and mortality, infant mortality, child health status)
Sociocultural context and gender norms, including those affecting marginalized populations
Diverse stakeholder participation, including the engagement of civil society, communities, and public and private sector actors
Adherence to global human rights agreements, including in national laws and policies
Global accountability of donors and other global actors, including to country-level work
National accountability mechanisms in place, including the means of redress for violations of rights for government as duty-bearer to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights (e.g., treaty monitoring bodies, human rights tribunals, national courts), including accountability for private actors and for international assistance
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

22. Policy Level
Develop/revise/implement policies to respect/protect/fulfill rights and eliminate policies that create unnecessary barriers to access (All Rs)
Develop/revise/implement policies to ensure contraceptive security, including access to a range of methods and service modalities, including public, private, and NGO (R2)
Create processes and an environment that supports the participation of diverse stakeholders (e.g. policymakers, advocacy groups, community members) (R2/R3)
Support and actively participate in monitoring and accountability processes, including commitments to international treaties (All Rs)
Guarantee financing options to maximize access, equity, nondiscrimination, and quality in all settings (R2/R3)
- Within each level of action are the main bullets included on the framework and then detailed action for each bullet.
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

23. POLICY LEVEL
Develop/revise/implement policies to respect/protect/fulfill rights and eliminate policies that create unnecessary barriers to access (All Rs)
Develop laws and policies that ensure that family planning services are sufficiently available; physically and economically accessible to all people without discrimination; acceptable—respectful of culture and confidentiality; and of the highest possible quality
Support the promotion of gender equity and women’s autonomy in realizing their reproductive rights
Support prevention of harmful practices (e.g., child marriage, gender-based violence, female genital cutting) and knowledge of the rights violations and harms caused by such practices
Ensure equitable access to services for all groups (e.g., without discrimination in respect of ethnicity, age, income level)
Eliminate unjustifiable access barriers (e.g., client eligibility criteria) or policies that contain method-specific or performance-based targets or incentives that have the effect of being coercive in practice
Set service standards and enable task shifting and task sharing and facilitate access to a wide range of safe and effective contraceptive methods
Protect privacy in service delivery settings
Example: Bullet A from the policy level
(read the bullet and provide a few examples of the detail bullets
**Refer participants to printed copy of framework and walk them through looking at each level using the next three slides as prompts
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

24. Service Level
A. Inform and counsel all clients in high-quality interactions that ensure accurate, unbiased, and comprehensible information and protect clients’ dignity, confidentiality, and privacy and refer to other SRH services (All Rs)
B. Ensure high-quality care through effective training and supervision and performance improvement and recognize providers for respecting clients and their rights (All Rs)
C. Ensure equitable service access for all, including disadvantaged, marginalized, discriminated against, and hard-to-reach populations, through various service models (including integrated, mobile, and/or youth-friendly services) and effective referral to other SRH services (All Rs)
D. Routinely provide a wide choice of methods and ensure proper removal services, supported by sufficient supply, necessary equipment, and infrastructure (R2)
E. Establish and maintain effective monitoring and accountability systems with community input; strengthen HMIS and QA/QI processes (All Rs)
Refer participants to printed copy of framework
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

25. Community Level
A. Engage diverse groups in participatory program development and implementation processes (R2/R3)
B. Build/strengthen community capacity in monitoring and accountability and ensure robust means of redress for violations of rights (R2/R3)
C. Empower and mobilize the community to advocate for reproductive health funding and an improved country context and enabling environment for FP access and use (All Rs)
D. Transform gender norms and power imbalances and reduce community-
family-, and partner-level barriers that prevent access to and use of FP (R3)
E. Support healthy transitions from adolescence to adulthood (All Rs)
Refer participants to printed copy of framework
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

26. Individual Level
Increase access to information on reproductive rights, contraceptive choices (All Rs)
Empower, through education and training about reproductive health, self-esteem, rights, life-skills, and interpersonal communication (R1/R2)
Foster demand for high-quality services and supplies through IEC/BCC and empower individuals to demand their rights be respected, protected, and fulfilled (R2)
Refer participants to printed copy of framework
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

27. Using the framework in FP programming
Phase of the Program Cycle
Illustrative Actions that Incorporate Rights Principles
Assess needs
Ask new questions i.e. who are we not reaching and why?
Design
Engage stakeholders more deliberately
Systematically think through interventions impact on rights
Implement
Make rights and responsibilities explicit (clients’ rights, providers’ needs)
Offer a full, free & informed contraceptive choice
Expand concept of demand
Monitor and Evaluate
Promote accountability throughout the system
Do facilities have mechanisms to protect privacy?
Collect and use client feedback/means of redress
Do service data indicate equitable service delivery
Sustain
Engage communities to improve outcomes and achieve lasting behavior change
- The framework can be used throughout all phases of the program cycle
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

28. Discussion Questions? Observations?
Does the framework help you see your work differently? If so, in what ways?
What activities are you already involved in that you could build on to take a rights-based approach? What might you do differently?
What challenges to this approach do you envision ?
Invite participants to ask questions and give general observations about the framework
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

29. Applying the Framework to Case Studies
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

30. CASE STUDIES (45 minutes)
1) In your small group, discuss what factors supported or challenged contraceptive choice and human rights in this case study. Write each individual factor on a note card or Post-It and determine the level in the health system at which it exists.
2) For each challenge identified, consider what should be done to promote respect for, protection and fulfillment of human rights in the program described. Use one note card or Post-It for each suggested intervention or change.
3) Select someone at your table to post and explain your cards during the report back

31. Discussion
Did anything surprise you? If so, what and why? Is there anything familiar about the circumstances described in the case studies?
Which of the suggested interventions or changes would be relatively easy to implement?
Which might be harder? How might you be able to begin? What more would it take?
Invite observations from the group about the activity and the collective outcome using the questions on the slide
If these points are not raised by the group, the facilitator can raise them as part of the reflection:
Observe that there are factors at all 4 levels that support and that hinder rights; addressing these complex barriers requires taking a holistic approach. What level(s) appear to require the most urgent attention?
Acknowledge the supporting factors that should be valued, strengthened, and built upon.
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

32. Next steps **Tailor this slide to the context of the presentation**
Provide next steps if an assessment/planning process in planned
If no formal next steps have been planned, highlight ideas that were generated through the workshop discussions
© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation