1. ELC 119R-S Electrical Safety Refresher for Subcontract Electrical Workers

2. Outline Introduction Shock and Arc Flash
2 Electrical Hazard Mitigation
3 Technical work documentation (TWD)
4 Safe switching procedures
5 Wrap-Up

3. Introduction ~ 300 workplace electrocutions annually
Estimated 20,000 shocks for every electrocution
~ 4000 injuries annually requiring days away
~3600 disabling electrical contact injuries annually
10-15 workers hospitalized daily with electrical burns
4-year average of 23 electrical events at SNL

4. Most Common Electrical Events at SNL
Short circuit of energized parts to ground
Workers shocked from approaching nearer than a safe distance from exposed live parts
Workers shocked from faulty equipment
Workers shocked from plugging/unplugging equipment

5. Module 1: Shock and Arc Flash
The passage of electric current through the
body from contact with an electric circuit (conductors).
Exposure to electrical energy may result in no injury
at all or may result in devastating damage or death.
Electrocution is death by electrical energy resulting
from the passing of a high magnitude electric current
through the body 5

6. Why Are We Susceptible to Injury by Electric Shock?
Our highly developed nervous system makes us extremely sensitive to even very small electric currents.
The passage of current through the body results in heating of tissue
Each of these interactions has serious
consequences. 6

7. Effects of Current on the Body
Current Value
Effects
< 1 ma
Barely Perceptible
1-5 ma
Perceptible shock, reflex actions
5 ma GFCI trips
Accepted as maximum harmless current
6-10 ma
Painful shock, victim can “let-go”
10-20 ma
Painful shock, victim can not let go ma
Ventricular Fibrillation possible ma
Ventricular Fibrillation likely
200 ma
Severe burns, severe muscular contractions, chest muscles clamp the heart and stop it for the duration of the shock.
833 ma
Current used by 100 watt light bulb

8. Effect of Current Passing Through the Body
Current can confuse or damage nerve control centers of lungs and heart
Heat damage caused by dissipation of energy- body acts as a resistor.

10. Unfortunate mouse suffers a fatal phase to phase shock

11. Factors Affecting Shock Remember Ohm’s Law: E=IR
Current: most important factor, though directly determined by voltage and body resistance.
Path of current: greater chance for survival
if current passes through extremities only
Duration of Shock: according to IEEE std. 80, the maximum safe duration can be determined by using: t (seconds) = .116/(V/R)

12. Example
If an electrician gets a shock from a 277 volt light fixture, would he/she get “stuck” on the circuit? Let’s assume the worker was sweating and use a resistance value of 10,000 ohms. I =E/R I = 277/10,000 I = amps or ~28 ma

13. YES! Is He/She Stuck? Current Value Effects <1 ma
Barely Perceptible
1-5 ma
Perceptible shock, reflex actions
5 ma GFCI trips
Accepted as maximum harmless current
6-10 ma
Painful shock, victim can “let-go”
10-20 ma
Painful shock, victim can not let go ma
Ventricular Fibrillation likely ma
Ventricular Fibrillation occurs
200 ma
Severe burns, severe muscular contractions, chest muscles clamp the heart and stop it for the duration of the shock.
833 ma
Current used by 100 watt light bulb
YES!

14. Example continued
Let’s also assume that the path of the current is hand to hand. How long does this person have before the shock could be considered fatal? T = .116/(V/R) T = .116/(277/10,000) T = .116/.0277 T = 4.18 seconds!

15. Voltage Thresholds OSHA set threshold for hazardous energy at 50 volts
Hazard from applications lower than 50 are usually thermal not shock: batteries, super capacitors, etc.
At levels greater than 600 V, skin is usually penetrated driving resistance down.

16. Entry and exit wounds

17. Rescuing and Treatment
Step 1 – Check to see that the area is safe to enter
Step 2 - Call 911 immediately
Step 3- Rescue the victim with an insulated device (hot stick, rope, dry wood, etc)
Step 4 – Begin CPR
Step 5 - Continue resuscitation
Step 6 - Get medical attention for the victim

18. II Arc Flash
A release of thermal energy from an electric arc by the vaporization and ionization of materials, reaching temperatures up to 35,000 °F. Exposure to these extreme temperatures both burns the skin directly and causes ignition of clothing. (2004 NFPA 70E)

19. Nature of the Arc Arc results from passing of current through air
Terminals vaporize and serve as conductive medium for ionized gasses
Flash can extend further than 10’ from the source
Pressure wave caused by rapid expansion of gases with flying molten materials and shrapnel
The blast can destroy structures, and knock workers from ladders or across a room. The blast can rupture eardrums and collapse lungs.

20. Nature of the Arc continued

21. Three Factors Affecting Arc Energy
Available short circuit current
Duration of the arc
Distance from the arc

22. Burns From the Arc
First degree: surface only. Skin is usually red and tender
Second degree: blistering of the skin. Most painful
Third degree: complete destruction of the skin with charring of tissue. Most dangerous –susceptible to infection. Skin can not heal itself.

23. First Degree Burns from a 480 Fault

24. Second Degree Burns from the same 480 Fault

25. Effects of the Arc- Burns
Arcs have ignited clothing 10’ from the arc and can be fatal when within a few feet

26. Accelerator Flash Incident
On October 11, 2004, at approximately 11:15 am,
a subcontractor electrician working at an Accelerator Center received
serious burn injuries requiring hospitalization due
to an electrical arc flash that occurred during the
installation of a circuit breaker in an energized
480-Volt (V) electrical panel.

27. Arc flash 2004

30. Importance of FR Clothing 60/40 blend here

31. From the Type A Investigation…
Description of Injuries:
Electrician received third degree burns on the face, chest, and legs and second degree burns on the arms, involving approximately 50% of his body. Because of the seriousness of his condition, the Board was not able to interview him.

32. Module 2: Electrical Hazard Mitigation
Plan your work
Analyze/identify the hazards
Control the hazards
Perform the work
Improve the process for the next operation

33. 1910 CFR 851 and NFPA 70E
All Department of Energy Facilities are contractually required by law follow 10 CFR 851- Worker Safety and Health Protection Plan
851.23(a)(14) requires contractors to comply with NFPA 70E as a baseline.
70E is the industry standard for addressing electrical hazards in the workplace
Applying 70E standards nothing more than using integrated safety management

34. TURN IT OFF! Energized work no longer allowed at SNL unless:
“de-energizing introduces additional or increased hazards or is infeasible due to equipment design or operational limitations” 70E A.1
Most hazards can be controlled by insulating,
guarding, or by simply working de-energized

35. Electrically Safe Work Condition
First priority is to de-energize
Review safety plan
Inspect equipment, disconnect energy sources, and lock and tag energy sources.
Post barricades and signs to establish the limited approach and flash protection boundaries.
Open enclosure, identify shorting devices, and discharge energy-storage devices if applicable.
Perform Zero Energy verification Test
Complete work
When the work is completed, test circuits, remove tools, and test gear, perform final check, and close enclosure
NOTE: Equipment is not considered de-energized until locked out and verified

36. Energized Work - provided justification requirements (slide 34) are met
Strict requirements addressing worker qualifications:
Qualified Person: One who has the skills and knowledge related to the construction and operation of the electrical equipment and installations and has received safety training on the hazards involved (Electrical Safety in the Workplace, 2004).
Energized work must be authorized by Senior Manager Facilities Engineering- see your contract Sandia delegated representative (SDR)
Shock and Flash Hazard Analyses required. This can be accomplished using the table on slide 44. Remember 2 different hazards- shock and flash

37. Shock Hazard Analysis
Required ANYTIME a worker crosses the Limited Approach Boundary to exposed live parts
Must determine approach boundaries (Limited and Restricted) and required shock PPE (usually gloves and insulated tools)
Shock PPE required ANYTIME a worker crosses the Restricted Approach Boundary

38. Shock Approach Boundaries
Limited Approach Boundary (LAB)
Level II authorization required
Only qualified workers may cross *
Boundary must be physically established
Restricted Approach Boundary (RAB)
No unqualified workers
Shock PPE required
Shock PPE mainly consists of insulating gloves and tools
Refer to slide 44 for LAB and RAB approach distances and required PPE.

39. Flash Hazard Analysis
Required ANYTIME a worker crosses the flash protection boundary (FPB)
Must determine the Flash Protection Boundary and the PPE required for crossing this boundary
PPE and distances determined from table slide 44

40. Arc Flash Protection
PPE and flash protection boundary (FPB) in CSSP will match that of arc flash hazard (AFH) label on equipment
If the electrical equipment is not provided with an AFH warning label, PPE and FPB in CSSP will be determined using the table in slide 44.

41. Exposed Live Part Limited Approach Boundary (shock)
Level II authorization required
Only qualified workers may cross – unqualified workers may cross if escorted by qualified worker and made aware of the hazards
Boundary must be physically established
Flash Protection Boundary
Distance and PPE determined from table in slide 42
PPE required of ANYONE inside this boundary
Restricted Approach Boundary (shock)
No unqualified workers
Shock PPE required
Shock PPE mainly consists of insulating gloves and tools

42. Hazard Risk Categories (HRC)
HRC 0: Single phase circuits operating at volts
HRC 1&2: Three-phase circuits operating between 120 and 600 volts
HRC 3&4: Three-phase service entrance equipment and switchgear operating between 120 and 600 volts, excluding those systems with a RED, Level V Arc Flash Hazard label.

43. Hazard Risk Categories (HRC)
Hazard Risk Above Forty Calories: All equipment identified with a Level V (red) Arc Flash Hazard label
Hazard Risk Greater Than 600 volts: Obtain flash hazard analysis.
Exception: HRC 2 PPE shall be worn In 15 kV manholes. Head, face and glove protection may be removed during cable terminations if no other work is being performed in the manhole.

44. Boundary and PPE Table Equipment Class HRC Flash Boundary LAB, RAB
Required flash PP
Required shock PPE
PPE Code
208/ ø 4’
3’ – 6”, contact
EWC
Class 0 gloves with leather protectors and insulated tools
Green
120/240, 277/480
3-ø non service entrance
1, 2 6’
4’, 1’
EWC + accessories
Blue
3-ø service entrance 3
Contact FMOC project lead
ISC
Yellow 4
ESC
Orange
Equipment labeled greater than 40 calories or 600 volts NA
Contact SDR, CO, or PM for assistance
Red
EWC: FR long sleeve shirt (min arc rating = 8) worn over untreated cotton t-shirt with FR pants (min arc rating = 11, safety glasses
Accessories: hard hat w/FR rated face shield, hearing protection, and leather boots or shoes
IWC: EWC + accessories + FR coveralls (min arc rating = 25) and double –layer switching hood.
ESC: 40-calorie switching suit w/rated hood and gloves, leather boots and shoes.

45. Example Arc Flash Labels
Level I (HC-0) Label Level II (HC-1 and HC-2) Label

46. Electro-Magnetic Energy
Whenever you have electric power, electric and magnetic fields will be generated.
The electric field is often generated by the alternating voltage of the electrical system. The higher the voltage, the greater the electric field. Taken together, electric and magnetic fields are often referred to as electromagnetic radiation.
The main effect of exposure to EME is heating of tissue and organs.
There are rooftop antennas at Sandia that emit varying levels of EME so contact your ES&H coordinator before approaching them

47. Worker Responsibilities
Familiarize yourself with procedures and work plans- CSSP
Be aware of your surroundings
Obey all warnings signs and regulations
Always use proper PPE (slide 44)
Stop work if an unsafe and/or unexpected condition arises
Consider ALL electrical equipment energized unless locked out and verified de-energized

48. Worker Responsibilities
Do NOT perform unjustified energized work
Do not wear jewelry when performing energized work
Report ALL accidents, regardless of severity to Safety Officer/Supervisor
Immediately report to your supervisor, anyone known to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol
Be aware of secondary hazards- beryllium, radiation, noise, etc
Be responsible for your own safety!

49. Planning Your Work
Planning is a key element in performing work safely and is the first step in the ISMS process.
OSHA and 70E require a job briefing be held before any electrical work operation begins.
All personnel involved in the job shall be briefed on the safety concerns, energy source controls and precautions regarding their assignments.
Should work conditions change or unanticipated hazards appear, additional briefings should be held.
Planning must be documented!

50. Planning Your Work continued
Consider ALL hazards
When changing a ballast, what hazards are involved besides electricity and working from heights?
Is there an asbestos issue?
Is the fixture in an area known to have dangerous levels of Beryllium?
How about radiation?

51. Planning Your Work continued
The meeting must cover the following questions:
Do I thoroughly understand the job?
Do I thoroughly understand my role in the job?
Am I aware of all the hazards I may encounter?
Am I knowledgeable of all the safety rules and required personal protective equipment that apply to the job?

52. Performing Your Work
All circuits must be considered energized until LOTO’d and verified de-energized
Several events at SNL have been the result of failure to verify de-energized
Performance of the 0 energy verification still requires PPE and boundary establishment (slide 44)
Do you have to do this hot?
Physically establish the limited approach boundary (slide 44)
Boundary must keep unqualified workers out of area
Boundary must warn workers of the hazards inside the area

53. Performing Your Work Wear the appropriate PPE
Shirt must be buttoned and sleeves rolled down
Flash PPE is required when inside the flash protection boundary (slide 44)
Crossing the restricted approach boundary requires gloves and insulated tools (slide 44)
Maintain your gloves
Are they out of testing date requirements?
Use the right tools for the job
Is you meter rated for the task?
Several events at SNL have occurred due to use of an inappropriate meter
Do not deviate from job plan.
If work outside of scope is required stop and re-evaluate with all involved co-workers.

54. Module 2 Conclusion
Severe hazards associated with energized electrical work
Energized work is now the exception- not the norm- Turn –it-off!
NFPA 70E provides sound guidance for electrical safety in the workplace
Applying the standard is basic ISMS- identify the hazard, control the hazard
Remember there are two primary hazards (shock and flash) that must be analyzed and controlled independently

55. Module 3: TWD Requirements
Q: What is considered energized work at SNL?
A: Any activity inside the Limited Approach Boundary (LAB)
Crossing the LAB for ANY reason must meet the 70E justification requirements of A.1 (slide 35)
ALL energized work requires a technical work document
Why? This should be your first question when asked to work energized.

56. Contract Specific Safety Plan (CSSP)
The CSSP is the required technical work document for all energized work at SNL performed by a facilities subcontractor
The CSSP must incorporate the required energized work permit elements required in NFPA 70E 130.1B2

57. Content of the CSSP
A description of the circuit/part to be worked on and its location
Justification of why the work must be performed energized. Remember that some troubleshooting could be accomplished with an Ohm meter.
A description of safe work practices to be employed (second person, safety watch, Barriers, etc)
Results of the shock hazard analysis (voltage the employee(s) will be exposed to) – slide 44
Determination of shock approach boundaries (LAB, RAB, PAB) using table slide 44

58. Content of the CSSP continued
6. Results of the flash hazard analysis (determination of the Flash Protection Boundary and the caloric exposure based on table slide 44
7. The necessary personal protective equipment- shock and flash
Means used to restrict access of unqualified personnel to the area (chains, flagging, signage, etc)
Evidence of completion of a pre-job briefing including topics covered- checklist
Energized work approvals (workers, Managers, Senior Managers)

59. Insulated Tools
Insulated tools, rated for the system voltage, are required when contacting any energized component. Insulated tools should be listed under # 3. Ground hooks shall also be listed here.
If the insulated tool can prevent the user from crossing the restricted approach boundary and flash protection boundary, PPE will not be required (except safety glasses).

60. Module 4 Safe Switching Procedures
Three hazards associated with switching breakers or disconnects
Shock
Explosion
Arc flash/blast

61. Shock Rare when switching because cover should be in place.
Remember shock boundaries
30,000 non-fatal shocks each year in the workplace…
247 died from electrocution in 2006…down from 251 in 2005.

62. Breaker Explosion Counterfeit Products Improper Sizing
Sub-standard components
No NRTL listing
Improper Sizing
Improperly rated for available fault current

63. Arc Flash

64. Operating Breakers and Disconnects
Use one hand when possible.
For side-handled switches, stand as far away to the side as possible to operate the switch.
For panel-mounted breakers, do not stand in front of the panel when operating the breaker.
Do not expose unprotected portions of the body/face to the potential blast.

65. Review – Switching Operations
Disconnect Rating
Required PPE (Hazard Category)
Up to and including 60 amps (< 600 volts)
HC 0 *
>60 up to and including 200 amps (< 600 volts)
HC 2 *
> 200 amps (< 600 volts) and all > 600 volts
Must be analyzed by a qualified person. Contact electrical safety for evaluation.
Arc flash labels supersede this table
reference slide 44 for specifics

66. Module 4 Conclusion Switching can be hazardous Wear appropriate PPE
Obtain AIC and clearing times prior to switching
Never switch breakers or disconnects under trip conditions - call facilities
Never close a breaker or disconnect if uncomfortable
Use Left hand rule to keep body away from disconnect when closing

67. Course Wrap-Up You seldom get a second chance with electricity
Most electrical accidents are caused by unseen or unanticipated hazards
Take your time!
Never deviate from procedures
If circumstances or conditions change- STOP and re-evaluate
Work on energized equipment is restricted at SNL
Maintain tools, test equipment, and PPE
Never rely on others for your safety

68. Thanks for Viewing Questions: Greg Kirsch at 845-9497
Mark McNellis at
Marc Williams at