1. HOA Review #1 Causes of Independence Movements
Social Structure in Latin America
Important People
Monroe Doctrine
War of 1812

2. Causes of American Revolution (SPERM)
The Enlightenment
British rule & laws
Conflict in Boston
Social Divisions
Economic Freedom

3. “The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor” by: Nathan Currier, 1846
Unrest in Boston
Tea Act (1773)
Increased the tax on tea
Stated colonists could only buy tea from British companies (London Company)
Increased punishment for illegal trade or smuggling tea
Boston Tea Party: colonists snuck onto tea ships and dumped the chests of tea into the harbor.
“The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor” by: Nathan Currier, 1846

4. British Response to Tea Party
In order to punish the colonists, Parliament passed the Coercive or “Intolerable” Acts (1774)
Boston Port Act: closed the Boston port until all tea had been repaid
Massachusetts Government Act: reinstate British control in MA; King appointed new governors & outlawed town meetings
Administration of Justice Act: allowed governors to move trials of accused royal officials to Great Britain if he believed the official could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts
Quartering Act: required colonists to provide housing for British soldiers
Quebec Act: Extended the boundaries of the British-controlled Quebec, west of the Mississippi River

5. Causes of Latin American Revolutions
The Enlightenment
The American & French Revolutions
Economic problems
Nationalism
Social Divisions

6. Latin American Social Hierarchy
Peninsulares: colonial leaders born in Spain or Portugal; held all important military and political positions.
Creoles: colonial-born white aristocrats; controlled most of the land and business
Mestizos (Native/White) & Mulattoes (Black/White) – mixed races; worked as servants and unskilled laborers
Slaves

7. Why didn’t the creoles like the peninsular Spaniards?
Peninsulares came to power as government administrators or in private enterprises

8. Role of the Catholic Church
Priests and monks converted Natives & taught them loyalty to the crown.
The clergy held high positions and worked with the colonial government.
By 1800, the Catholic Church controlled almost half the wealth in Latin America.
Spain and Portugal implemented trade restrictions and high taxes to finance wars, the church and the expansion of their empire

9. Evaluate the impact of economic measures and political ideas, in promoting independence in two colonies in the region.

10. Analyze the political, economic, and military reasons for US victory in the American Revolution.

11. Why did America win the Revolution?
Guerilla Warfare (knowledge of terrain)
Espionage
New weapons (long-barrel rifle)
Leadership (Washington)
Foreign Aide (France-Lafayette, Prussia-von Steuben) Battle of Saratoga
Willpower/mentality – fighting for their lives, not just the king

12. Important People Washington Jefferson San Martin
Wrote essays criticizing the English monarchy, supported “natural rights,” claimed government allegiance to the king was voluntary, appointed by the Second Continental Congress to draft the Declaration of Independence, third president
San Martin
Argentine: Educated in Spain and acquainted with Enlightenment ideas, believed in individual rights and autonomy of nations, although he remained a moderate monarchist. In the Americas, he participated in government meetings sharing these ideas (revolutionary movements already begun), conceived the idea of a revolutionary militia as main force in Chile and Peru, accepted wide array of people into military, became revolutionary authority of Peru and helped consolidate the success of wars of independence in the South (Argentina, Chile, Peru)

13. Important People Bolivar L’Ouveture
Spent youth in Europe, where he learned the ideas of enlightenment, from a wealthy, aristocratic family, which allowed him to gain the support of the elite in Venezuela, defended republican principles in emerging Latin American nations; in order to achieve his aims, he marched his troops from Venezuela towards the south through Colombia, Ecuador and Peru; believed that all groups should participate in the independence movement, including the indigenous population (mostly fearful of slave revolts)
L’Ouveture
Former slave, inspired by American/French Revolutions and Enlightenment, led slave revolt at same time as Haitian Revolution, killed and replaced by Dessalines (more radical)

14. Compare and Contrast the contribution of two of the leaders in the process of independence movements in the Americas.

15. Compare and contrast two leaders
Compare: influences of Enlightenment, reaction to colonial mismanagement, concepts of republican ideals
Contrast: Differences in social structure, political experience, involvement in actual conflict, military vs. political leadership, elected vs. non-elected

16. For what reasons, and for what results, was the Monroe doctrine established in 1823?

17. Monroe Doctrine December 2, 1823
Efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.
Also stated that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.
The Doctrine was issued at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved independence (except Cuba and Puerto Rico)
The U.S. wanted to guarantee no European power would move into Latin America

18. Monroe Doctrine’s Usage
Against Russia’s expansion into NW U.S.
Against Spanish/English interest in the Yucatan Peninsula
Warn Spain to stay out of Dominican Republic
Against the involvement of France in Mexico
Against European interest to build the Panama Canal
Against British involvement in disputes between Venezuela and British Guiana
Military intervention in Dominican Republic, Haiti, Nicaragua, Cuba and Puerto Rico

19. Why did the United States go to war against British North America in 1812?

20. War of 1812
Causes
Effects

21. Foreign Relations post-Revolutionary Period
In the early 1800’s France and Britain victimized the United States.
Navies of both countries seized 1,500 American merchant ships.
By 1807, the British had captured 10,000 American sailors. (Most were forced to serve in British military)

22. The U.S.S. Chesapeake Explain the Chesapeake Incident.
In 1806, Royal Navy deserters joined the crew of the USS Chesapeake
British admiral issued orders that any warship could search the Chesapeake for deserters.
On June 22, 1807, the British ship, Leopard, encountered it and requested a search
Chesapeake captain, James Barron refused to allow a search
The British fired, killing 3 Americans and wounding 18.
The British arrested four men
How did President Jefferson respond to the Chesapeake Incident?
He passed the Embargo Act!

23. Embargo Act
Describe the purpose of the Embargo Act. Was it successful?
President Jefferson signed the Embargo Act which stopped the export of goods and forbade American ships from sailing for foreign ports.
Jefferson thought that by depriving European countries of American products they would stop harassing the young nation………… he was wrong.
The Embargo Act had almost no effect on Britain and France. Instead, recession and unemployment swept the United States.
Jefferson left office in 1809 but not before he convinced Congress to repeal the Embargo Act.
It was now up to new president, James Madison, to solve foreign issues.

24. Causes of the War of 1812 Describe the causes of the War of 1812.
British blockade of US ships stopped flow of goods to Napoleonic Europe
Search and seizure of neutral North American trade ships & cargo by France and England
Impressment of American sailors into the British Royal Navy
British support of Natives against American expansion
Possible American desire to annex Canada

25. British Aide to Native Americans
Who was Tecumseh?
Leader of Shawnee
Formed a confederation of other tribes and allied with British & British Canadians
Goal was to establish an American Indian nation under British protection

26. Fighting the War of 1812 Napoleon still controlled parts of Europe.
During the first two years, England focused on defeating Napoleon, so they fought a defensive battle in the Americas.
This will eventually change in 1814, when Napoleon is defeated

27. End of the War of 1812 What did the Treaty of Ghent declare?
Signed on Christmas Eve, 1814
Ended the war (acted more as an armistice than a treaty)
Both sides agreed to return to pre-1812 borders
War ended in a stalemate
Why do you think the Treaty did not include anything about Native territory or impressment?

28. Battle of New Orleans
Explain the causes/effects of the Battle of Orleans.
British attempted to capture New Orleans and seize control of Mississippi River.
Americans under command of General Andrew Jackson
Greatest U.S. victory of the war (U.S. only suffered 100 casualties, compared to England’s 2,000)
Important because it ended British operations in the U.S., and marked the start of Jackson’s march to presidency.

29. Effects of the War of 1812 List three effects of the War of 1812.
British kept Canada
Britain realized they needed to improve relations with the U.S.
Rush-Bagot Treaty reduced naval forces on the Great Lakes
Britain fortified border (the U.S. never invaded)