1. JEFFERSON'S PRESIDENCY
1. Jefferson: to 1809
VP: Aaron Burr
The Revolution of 1800
peaceful transfer of power
Jeffersonian Democracy
2. Marbury vs. Madison, 1803
Midnight appointments of Adams.
Chief Justice John Marshall
Judicial Review
Power of Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

2. 3. Jefferson’s Achievements:
Secured westward expansion
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark
4. Defends our neutrality---freedom of the seas
Barbary Pirate War—1805
France vs Britain
Chesapeake Affair—1807
Embargo Act—1808 to 1809
Economic coercion
5. Hamilton vs. Burr

3. Strict Construction of Constitution
JEFFERSON AND CONTRADICTIONS
Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist)
Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa
Built the “mosquito fleet” of naval ships
Anti-British/Pro-French
Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.
Against slavery
Owned 200 slaves
Strict Construction of Constitution
Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of Louisiana territory
Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in a “realistic world”.

4. THOMAS JEFFERSON Born in Virginia Graduate of William and Mary College
A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses
Father of the DOI
Secretary of State under President Washington
Vice President under Adams
Owned 200 slaves

5. AARON BURR Aaron Burr (1756-1836) Born in Newark N.J.
Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary war.
A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton
Vice President of the United States ( ).
Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel
Involved in the Burr Conspiracy

6. ELECTION OF 1800
1. Election of 1800: The rise of political parties caused flaws in the electoral college
Parties chose their candidates and electors would vote for them
2. Led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr----House of Representatives chose Jefferson.
3. To eliminate future problems
12th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which person they want for President and VP on separate ballots so their would never be a tie.
Federalists Democratic Republicans Adams--Pres Jefferson---Pres Hamilton---VP Burr---VP----73

7. Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College 73-65.
ELECTION OF 1800
Jefferson defeats Adams in the Electoral College
Problem: Jefferson & Burr received 73 votes each and both were Democratic-Republicans
Therefore election decided by House of Representatives

8. Significance of Election of 1800
REVOLUTION OF 1800
John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican
Significance of Election of 1800
peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another
“revolutionary” achievement

9. FEDERALIST FINALE Adams was the last Federalist president
Jefferson kept most of Federalist policies
Federalist diplomats had signed good treaties with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of war.
Federalists preserved democratic gains, while fending off anarchy

10. Responsibility › Moderation
FEDERALIST FINALE
Responsibility › Moderation
Jefferson integrated democratic principles into presidency, including walking, pell-mell dining, casual dress
Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read, rather than speaking himself
Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used very little patronage, consistent with conciliatory inaugural address
Jefferson as politician used personal charm to sway congressional representatives

11. Restraint Helps Revolution
FEDERALIST FINALE
Restraint Helps Revolution
Jefferson axed a few Federalist policies
Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act
Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years
Repealed hated excise tax
Made efforts to eliminate debt

12. Restraint Helps Revolution
FEDERALIST FINALE
Restraint Helps Revolution
Yet Jefferson showed restraint by leaving most of Federalist program
Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt
Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t mean disaster

13. Jeffersonian democracy
Jefferson’s Presidency is considered a transitional period in US History.
Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy.
Believed National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency
Would try to reduce National Govt. power but actually expands Presidential power.
KING GEORGE FEDERALISTS JEFFERSON
Jeffersonian democracy

14. Champion for the common man For now, educated should rule…
JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY
Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy.
Champion for the common man
Believed education would prepare them for participation in government…..
For now, educated should rule…
Believed National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency
Kept most Federalist programs. WHY?
Washington/Adams laid a solid foundation for USA.
Pardoned those arrested with Sedition Act
Repealed the Whiskey tax
Kept Hamilton’s financial policies—BUS
Eliminated Alien Act

15. Jeffersonian democracy
Visualized an agrarian society
Feared industrialization and its effects ….
Farmers were the chosen class.
Laissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s lives
Against BUS but did not repeal it.
Owned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery would end but predicted it would divide U.S…Ultimate goal, Blacks would assimilate into American society
Native Americans, co-existence a long range goal but would have to learn agricultural ways and become self-sufficient…For that time, Indians and whites could not co-exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to western lands
Believed education the key to social mobility
Jeffersonian democracy

16. MARBURY VS MADISON
Although the Supreme Court, which had a Federalist majority, denied Marbury, also a Federalist, his commission (appointment to become a judge), the Court established a far more principle.
THE SUPREME COURT INTERPRETS WHAT THE CONSTITUTION MEANS AND CAN DECLARE A LAW UNCONSTITUTIONAL WHICH IS CALLED JUDICIAL REVIEW.
THE CONSTITUTION IS THE SUPREME LAW OF THE LAND AND THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT IS OVER THE STATES.

17. Chief Justice John Marshall stated,
MARBURY VS MADISON
Chief Justice John Marshall stated,
“The Constitution is either a superior paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and like other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it.
If the former part of the alternative be true, then a legislative acting contrary to the constitution is now law; if the latter part be true, then written constitutions are absurd attempts, on the part of the people to limit a power in its own nature illimitable.
It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is
If, then, the courts are to regard the Constitution and the Constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the Constitution and no such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they are both applicable”.

18. JEFFERSON AND THE PIRATES
1801: Pasha of Tripoli was not happy with his share of dollars
Informally declared war on US.
Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched navy, secured peace for $60,000 ransom for American sailors.

19. Barbary raids

20. JEFFERSON AND THE PIRATES
Small gunboats used with some success in Tripoli
Jefferson interested in their cost savings.
“Mosquito fleet” of 200 small gunboats constructed.
War of 1812: these boats would prove to be ineffective.

21. New Orleans Under My Wings
The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society)

22. Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.
HAITIAN REVOLUTION
Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti.
Napoleon unable to put down this rebellion which he wanted to use this island as stepping stone into America….
Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.

23. LOUISIANA PURCHASE
1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans
Because of pressure from the west and national security threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France
Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans
If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England

24. New Orleans Spanish Land 1800 Great Britain after the Revolution.
United States after War
Spanish land after Revolution
New Orleans

25. New Orleans French Land in 1801 Great Britain after the Revolution.
United States after War
Spanish land
New Orleans

26. LOUISIANA PURCHASE
Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million
Needed the money for his war with Great Britain
Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3 cents an acre
Doubled the size of the US
Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment
Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood shed.

27. CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION
Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the US Constitution?
Jefferson used implied powers or loose construction to justify his decision
“It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for you.”
Madison to Jefferson
“Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a larger area of land.”

28. CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTION
Does the President have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the US Constitution?
Hamilton and Federalists were against this purchase
Why? Population shift take Federalist power away in Congress
Feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian society”
Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of democracy”

29. Expansion of the United States
Map 6 of 45

30. Expansion of the United States with Louisiana Purchase 1803
Map 7 of 45

31. LEWIS AND CLARK
Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and army officer William Clark to explore north Louisiana
Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark.
Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians, overland trail to Pacific
President Jefferson wanted to find the Northwest Passage
United States’ claim to the Pacific Northwest

32. Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark
SACAJAWEA
Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark
Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition.
She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Many tribes had never seen white men before.
Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.

34. Map LP/3

35. Angered by an insulting remark attributed to Hamilton,
HAMILTON VS BURR
Angered by an insulting remark attributed to Hamilton,
Burr challenged the Federalist leader to a duel and fatally shot him
Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of many
embargo1

36. Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in 1804.
BURR CONSPIRACY
Secretly forming a political pact with some radical New England Federalists.
Burr planned to win the governorship of New York in 1804.
Unite that state with the New England states, and then lead this group of states to secede from the nation
Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election
The conspiracy then disintegrated
embargo1

37. BURR COMMITS TREASON
In 1806, Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and possibly unite it with Louisiana under his rule
Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s arrest and trial for treason
A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr

38. FRANCE VS. GREAT BRITAIN
Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807): These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping and led to the War of The Berlin Decree initiated the Continental System, which closed European ports to ships which had docked in Britain. The Milan Decree authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping vessels trying to trade at British ports. 
Orders-in-council British laws which led to the War of Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. 

39. IMPRESSMENT
Impressment An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy
1806: England closed ports under French control to foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships & impressed Americans.
Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports.

40. British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
C H E S A P E A K E A F F A I R
1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.
British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

41. EMBARGO ACT
Jefferson’s response to the Chesapeake Affair was the Embargo Act of 1807….
Short of war, Jefferson attempted to defend our neutrality by stopping all American exports to the world.

42. It would have the reverse effect……
EMBARGO ACT
Reasoning: Since England and France were at war with one another and traded for most of their natural resources with U.S., if we cut off our exports to them it would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS CALLED ECONOMIC COERCION.
It would have the reverse effect……
The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but it also hurt U.S. trade which was our economic survival as a nation. As a result, many Americans defied the law and began to smuggle goods from these countries as well as others.
Hurt American businesses
New Englander’s shift from trade to industry
U.S. smuggled
New England talked of secession…..
Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809

43. EMBARGO ACT American people were hostile towards Jefferson
Referred to the Embargo as “Dambargo, Mobrage, Go Bar Em”….
Would be replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act by President Madison which allowed U.S. exports and trade but not with France and Great Britain……
A Federalist circular in Massachusetts against the embargo cried out,
“Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him , stretch forth his hands and put this accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty, of God, and your country; nerve your arms with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson) who would wrest the inestimable germ of your Independence from you---and you shall be Conquerors!!!”
“Our ships all in motion, Once whiten’d the ocean; They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo; Now doom’d to decay They are fallen a prey, To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”

44. MADISON'S PRESIDENCY, 1809 TO 1817
1. Madison’s attempts at US Neutrality
Causes of War of 1812
Impressment
War Hawks
Tecumseh
Defend American neutrality
2nd War of Independence: vs. Great Britain
Mr. Madison’s War---War of 1812
Misc. Information and lst’s
War strategy
Francis Scott Key = “National Anthem”
British burn White House
War heroes
William Henry Harrison
Andrew Jackson
Battle of New Orleans--1815

45. 3. Outcomes:
War----a stalemate
Treaty of Ghent
Hartford Convention
War’s Legacy
US defends it’s neutrality
Respect from Europe
4. President James Monroe, 1817 to 1825
Era of Good Feelings
Monroe Doctrine

46. President James Madison
Born in Virginia, 1751
Enlisted in Continental Army but too small
Attended Princeton University and became a lawyer.
Father of the Constitution and Bill of Rights.
Secretary of State during Jefferson’s Presidency
President, 1809 to 1817
Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of 1812.
President James Madison

47. WAR OF 1812
Non-Intercourse Act Replaced the Embargo of Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2.
Macon’s Bill No Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

48. WAR OF 1812
Dupe of Napoleon
August, 1810: in response, Napoleon (lying) announced decrees (stop impressing US ships) had been repealed
November, 1810: Madison announces nonimportation against Britain
Results in political ties with France
Major foreign policy mistake

49. Tecumseh
Tecumseh (Shawnee warrior) & the Prophet (brother) formed union of tribes east of Mississippi to fight white intrusion
Supplied by the British
led Indian cultural renewal
1809: General William H. Harrison appointed as governor of Indiana Territory by President Jefferson.
President Jefferson instructed Harrison to convince Tecumseh to stop attacking American settlements.

50. Did not the Great Spirit make them for the use of his children?”
T E C U M S E H VS H A R R I S O N
“Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the clouds and the great sea, as well as the earth?
Did not the Great Spirit make them for the use of his children?”
Tecumseh

51. Tecumseh
Tecumseh reflected bitterly on the white man’s treatment of his people.
“We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets (jewelry) and death”

52. William Henry Harrison
T E C U M S E H VS H A R R I S O N
“One of those uncommon geniuses who spring up occasionally to produce revolutions and overturn the established ordered of things.
If it were not for the vicinity of the U.S., he would perhaps be the founder of an Empire that would rival in glory that of Mexico.”
William Henry Harrison

53. War breaks out again between the United States and Britain in 1812.
The War of 1812
2nd War of Independence
Mr. Madison’s War
War breaks out again between the United States and Britain in 1812.
NEXT

54. John C. Calhoun South Carolina
MR. MADISON'S WAR
War of 1812
War Hawks
New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war why Great Britain….Why?
U.S. must defend its neutrality
Stop impressment
British forts
Tecumseh
Desire for Canada and Florida
Called 2nd War of Independence
John C. Calhoun South Carolina
Henry Clay Kentucky

55. Defend our self interest President James Madison
MR. MADISON'S WAR
War of 1812
PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT
Defend our neutrality
Freedom of the seas
Defend our self interest
Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality of the US.
Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy of keeping the US out of war and neutral?
President James Madison

56. “Mr. Madison’s War” Why Britain, not France?
Impressment: destroying US economy
British forts
Arming of Indians (Tecumseh)
Desire for Canada
No respect from British
Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war.

57. “Mr. Madison’s War”
June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war with England.
Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war
New England opposed to war but Southern/western states supported the war
US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided
Poorly equipped US army initiated military action in by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada
The British easily repulsed the Americans