1. Chapter 19
Food Safety

2. True/False Freezing foods kills bacteria
As long as the expiration date hasn’t passed, packaged food is always safe to eat
You can wash pesticides off produce with plain water

3. Answers
False. Freezing foods doesn’t kill bacteria, but puts them at a dormant state. Once the food is thawed, bacteria growth resume
False. Package date refers to food quality not safety
True. A good scrub with cold running water and a vegetable brush can remove pesticide residue and many germs from the produce

4. Food Safety What Is Food Safety and Why Is It Important?
Food safety practices and guidelines established to ensure the safety of foods from farm to table
U.S. enjoys one of safest food supplies in world
CDC estimate 76 Millions people experience some type of foodborne illness annually
About 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,200 deaths
Upton Sinclair’s 1906 book The Jungle led to Meat Inspection Act
Food safety precautions led to positive health effects in the U.S.

5. Food Safety
What Causes Foodborne Illness and How Can It Make You Sick?
Foodborne illnesses are often caused by:
Pathogens (virus and bacteria).
Can be spread by fecal-to-oral transmission
Salmonella is the most common pathogen
Parasites: microscopic organisms that take nourishment from hosts
Chemical agents such as pesticides and toxins in foods we eat also cause illness.

6. Food Safety High Risk population Older adults young children
pregnant women
those with compromised immune systems

7. What Can You Do to Prevent Foodborne Illness?
Practice “4 Cs” of food safety:
Clean your hands and produce.
Hands: hot soapy water with agitation for at least twenty seconds
Sanitize cutting boards, sponges
Wash fruits and vegetables under cold running water, scrub firm skins with vegetable brush

8. What Can You Do to Prevent Foodborne Illness?
2. Combat cross-contamination.
Keep raw meat, poultry, fish separate from other foods during preparation, storage, and transport
3. Cook foods thoroughly.
Color not reliable indicator: measure internal temperature

9. What Can You Do to Prevent Foodborne Illness?
4. Chill foods at a low enough temperature.
Bacteria multiply rapidly between 40o – 140o F
Keep hot foods hot: above 140o F
Keep cold foods below 40o F: perishables shouldn’t be left more than two hours
Keep leftovers no more than four days in refrigerator, raw meats two days
Freezer temperature: at or below 0o F

10. E-Coli Video
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11. Foodborne Illness Food Safety in the Kitchen
Safe Handling of Meats and Poultry
Cook meat thoroughly and use a thermometer.
Read labeling instructions.
Recommended safe temperatures
Whole poultry: 180˚ F
Poultry breast and well-done meats: 170˚ F
Stuffing, ground poultry, and reheated leftovers: 165˚ F
Medium-done meats, raw eggs, egg dishes, pork, and ground meat: 160 ˚F
Medium-rare meats, roasts, veal, and lamb: 145˚ F
Foods should not be kept between 40˚ F and 140˚ F for more than 2 hours
Refrigerator temperature: 40˚ F
Freezer temperature: 0˚ F

12. The Do’s and Don’ts of Cross-Contamination

13. Figure 19.4: Recommended Safe Temperatures (Fahrenheit).
Bacteria multiply rapidly at temperatures between 40° and 140°F. Cook foods to the temperatures shown on this thermometer and hold them at 140°F or higher.
Fig. 19-4, p. 669

14. Foodborne Illness Occasionally unsafe Rarely unsafe Soft cheeses
Salad bar items
Unwashed berries and grapes
Sandwiches
Hamburgers
Rarely unsafe
Peeled fruit
High-sugar foods
Steaming-hot foods

15. Advances in Food Safety
Pasteurization since early 1900s
Irradiation – (cold pasteurization) use of low dose irradiation protects consumers from foodborne illnesses. Minimal vitamin is lost.
Control mold in grains
Sterilizing spices and teas for storage at room temperature
Control insects
Extend shelf life of produce
Destroy harmful bacteria in fresh and frozen beef, poultry, lamb and pork

16. This international symbol, called the radura, indentifies retail foods that have been irradiated. The words “Treated by irradiation” or “Treated with irradiation” must accompany the symbol. The irradiation label is not required on commercially prepared foods that contain irradiated ingredients, such as spices.
This international symbol, called the radura, indentifies retail foods that have been irradiated. The words “Treated by irradiation” or “Treated with irradiation” must accompany the symbol. The irradiation label is not required on commercially prepared foods that contain irradiated ingredients, such as spices.

17. Product Dating
Closed Food Product Dating
Open Food Product Dating 17

18. Who Protects Your Food and How Do They Do It?
Agency:
USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
Responsible for:
Safe and accurately labeled meat, poultry, eggs
Safety of all other foods
Protecting you and environment from harmful pesticides
Protecting against plant and animal pests and disease 18

19. Natural Toxicants in Foods
Toxins occur naturally to help plant or animal fend off predators or capture food
Natural foods may contain harmful toxins
Cooking won’t destroy toxins
Poisonous mushrooms
Eating in large quantity, cabbage, turnips, mustard greens, kale, broccoli, radishes contain goitrogens that may enlarge the thyroid gland
Lima beans contain cyanogens – produce cyanide poisoning when activated by certain plant enzyme
Potatoes contain solanine and can be toxic when consumed in large quantity

20. Natural Toxicants in Foods
Marine toxins:
Spoiled finfish can cause scombrotoxic (histamine) fish poisoning.
Large reef fish can bioaccumulate ciguatoxins produced by dinoflagellates.
Shell fish can be contaminated by neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates, causing paralytic shellfish poisoning. 20

21. Bioaccumulation of Toxins21

22. Pesticides widely used in agriculture
Chemical Agents
Pesticides widely used in agriculture
Pesticides help promote abundant crop production.
Types of pests include insects, weeds, microorganisms, fungi (mold), and rodents
Organophosphates affect nervous systems of pests, are being re-reviewed by EPA to ensure safety 22

23. Chemical Agents
Biopesticides (naturally-derived) typically less toxic than synthetic chemical pesticides
Examples: insect sex pheromones interfere with mating of pests; baking soda can inhibit growth of fungi
The risks of pesticides:
Synthetic pesticides can cause harm to animals, humans, environment depending on level of toxicity and how much consumed
Pesticide use is heavily regulated in the U.S. 23

24. Chemical Agents Regulating pesticides: who’s watching the crops?
EPA evaluates all food pesticides using human health risk assessment: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, risk characterization
Minimize pesticides in your diet.
Washing fruits and vegetables with clean, running water and vegetable brush removes up to 81% of pesticide residue 24

25. Reducing Pesticides In Your Foods25

26. What Is Organic and How Do You Find Organic Foods?
Organic farming: growing crops without the use of some synthetic pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, bioengineering or irradiation
Organic meat, poultry, eggs, dairy foods are free of antibiotics and growth hormone
USDA: National Organic Standards
USDA organic certification: must contain at least 95% organic ingredients
May not be free of all pesticides
USDA hasn’t found organic foods to be safer or nutritionally superior to conventional foods. 26

27. The USDA Organic Seal 27

28. Various Levels of Organic
Table 14.6 28

29. Food Additives
Additives are substances not normally eaten as foods, but added to food either intentionally or accidentally
Most are preservatives
Nitrite used in curing meat prevent poisoning from toxin
Nutrient additives enhance nutrient quality
Regulated by FDA: Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and 1958, Food Additives Amendment authorized FDA to regulate food and food ingredients and additives 29

30. Food Additives FDA require additives to be: Effective
Detectable and measurable in the final product
Safe when consume in large doses
Exemptions: prior-sanctioned status (such as nitrates to preserve meats) and GRAS (generally recognized as safe) substances, such as salt, sugar, spices, vitamins, etc.

31. Food Additives Nutrient Additives Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Sulfites
Common Nutrient Additives
Thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate, and iron in grain products
Iodine in salt
Vitamins A and D in milk
Vitamin C and calcium in fruit drinks
Vitamin B12 in vegetarian foods
Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
Sulfites

32. What is Genetic Engineering
Use of biotechnology to modify the genetic material of living cells so they will produce new substances or perform new functions.
Use to increase crop yields
A single gene can be transferred from the same or different species to produce one with desired characteristics.
Genetically modified or genetically engineer

33. Why GE Foods Extended shelf life Improved nutrient composition
Tomatoes
Improved nutrient composition
Biofortification to produce more nutrients
Efficient food processing
Efficient drug delivery
Bananas and potatoes are used to make hepatitis vaccines
Tobacco leaves to make AIDs drugs

34. Why GE? Genetically assisted agriculture Increase crop yields
Extend growing seasons
½ of the soybean crop in the US have been Ge’d to withstand potent herbicide
Corn broccoli and potatoes receive a gene that toxic to caterpillars to protect the crop

35. Problem with GE Foods Food industry driven by profit, not food safety
Unpredictable outcome
Disruption of natural ecosystems
Introduction of disease
Introduction of allergens and toxins
Creation of biological weapons
Ethical dilemmas

36. GE Foods and the FDA
GE foods are not substantially different from others and therefore does not require:
Special testing,
Regulations, or
Labeling
GE foods differ from conventional foods by only one or two genes

37. De-coding the Numbers on the produce
For conventionally grown fruit, (grown with chemicals inputs), the PLU code on the sticker consists of four numbers. (4011)
Organically grown fruit has a five-numeral PLU prefaced by the number 9. (94011)
Genetically engineered (GM) fruit has a five-numeral PLU prefaced by the number 8. (84011)
Processed foods do not have PLU codes

38. 10 points extra credit: Extra Credit
Complete worksheet for chapter 19, posted on the course website. Note the worksheet has two parts, you must complete part 1 and two to get full credit.