1. Asset/Liability Management Day 4
Equity Valuation, Duration, EVE, Deposit Betas, & Hedging

2. Equity Valuation Focus
Basic fixed income security valuation rule:
Rates rise  value falls
Rates fall  value rises
Market value of equity
MVEQ is the market value of assets (MVA) minus the market value of liabilities (MVL)
Rate changes result in changes in MVA and MVL
Changes in MVEQ caused by interest rate changes reflect interest rate risk

3. Duration GAP Duration GAP Analysis
Price sensitivity of bank’s assets and liabilities
Impact of rate changes on stockholders’ equity value
Duration measures effective maturity of a security
Time-weighted average of present value of expected cash flows relative to its price
Measures price sensitivity to rate changes
The greater the duration, the greater the price sensitivity
The smaller the duration, the smaller the price sensitivity
Duration is NOT maturity.

4. Duration GAP Duration GAP Model
Focus on managing market value of equity
Compares duration of assets with duration of liabilities
The larger the duration GAP, the larger the change in the economic value of stockholders’ equity when interest rates change
A duration GAP of zero implies that changes in rates would not affect the value of equity

5. Positive and Negative Duration GAPs
Positive DGAP – assets are more price sensitive than liabilities
Rates rise: assets fall proportionately more in value than liabilities, so EVE falls fall
Rates fall: assets rise proportionately more in value than liabilities, so EVE rises
Negative DGAP - liabilities are more price sensitive than assets
Rates rise: assets fall proportionately less in value than liabilities, so EVE rises
Rates fall: assets rise proportionately less in value than liabilities, so EVE falls

6. EVE Sensitivity Analysis
Similar steps as earnings sensitivity analysis
However, in EVE analysis the focus is on:
The relative durations of assets and liabilities
How much the durations change in different interest rate environments
What happens to the economic value of equity across different rate environments

7. EVE Sensitivity Analysis
Rate Shocks
DOWN200
STATIC
UP200
UP300
UP400
FFS and Other
10,984
10,852
10,720
10,655
10,589
Net Loans
151,608
147,286
142,412
139,863
137,458
Securities
135,789
124,577
114,611
109,628
104,645
Non-earning Assets
23,186
Assets (Market Value)
321,567
305,901
291,029
283,332
278,878
MMDA/NOW/Savings
104,523 
96,409
92,206
90,104
88,003
CD’s
93,015 
91,544
90,073
89,338
88,603
Checking
51,526
47,526
44,635
43,189
41,744
FFP & Other Borrowings
32,324
30,728
29,077
28,252
27,427
Other
3,279
Liabilities (Market Value)
284,667
269,486
259,270
254,162
249,055
Economic Value of Equity
36,900
36,415
31,759
29,170
26,823
Percentage Change
1.3%  0
-12.8%
-19.9%
-26.3%
Equity Ratio
11.48%
 11.90%
10.91%
10.30%
9.72%

8. Assumptions Prepayments on loans
Does the model account for loan floors and caps?
Call options on investment securities
Non-Maturity Deposits
Betas
Decay Rates

9. Assumptions-Deposit Betas
Core Deposit accounts typically have administered rates, meaning the rates change when management at the bank say they change.  We do know however that there is often some response to market rate changes.  To model this sensitivity we use a  Beta factor. This is the percentage of rate change each account will move with a 100 basis point movement in Fed Funds. 

10. Assumptions-Decay Rates
Decay rates essentially are an assumption about the average life of your non-maturity deposits.  They will have the most impact on your bank's EVE measurement.  The longer you model these deposits to be, the more base EVE for the bank.    Calculating the value of all assets and liabilities is a reasonably straightforward exercise except when it comes to core deposits.  They have a beginning balance and a rate, but they are missing the term structure (i.e. they're "non-maturity" deposits).  The decay assumptions you provide give them an assumed term structure.

11. Assumptions-Decay Rates
Decay Rates are the most powerful assumptions in the measurement of EVE.
They are also the most difficult to determine.
FDICIA Decay Rates
Industry Studies
Bank Deposit Study
Stress Testing

12. Assumptions-Decay Rates
FDICIA Decay Rates – Developed in 1990’s. Many models use these as default assumptions. May not be an accurate picture of your bank’s decay rates.
Industry Studies – Several models have recently adopted these as they indicate significantly longer decay rates than FDICIA rates. May not relate to what is going to happen when rates rise.

13. Assumptions-Decay Rates
Bank Deposit Study – Very expensive and likely will not show how your deposits will react when rates start to rise from these low levels.
Stress Testing – Whatever assumption is being used for decay rates, they should be stress tested to see what speed will cause excess risk to the bank.

14. Assumptions-Decay Rates
Checking
NOW
MMDA/Savings
Quarter 1
72 Months
60 Months
48 Months
Quarter 2
100 Months
Change in EVE
+200 Basis Points
+300 Basis Points
+400 Basis Points
-12.8%
-19.9%
-26.3%
+4.6%
+4.1%
+6.0%

15. Surge Deposits
Bank on previous slide had experienced growth in NMD’s from 56% to 63% of total deposits over past two years. ( Approximately $15 million)
Most banks have experienced sharp growth in NMD’s over the past two to five years.
Customers are parking money until rates start up.
How should this effect decay rates?

16. Recap Longer/Greater Duration = More price sensitivity.
Inverse Relationship between interest rates and prices/market values.
EVE is a theoretical liquidation value of the institution –NOT a going concern valuation.
Nonetheless, it must be monitored, measured, and understood.
NMD assumptions –decay rates- and the changes therein are the most critical variables in EVE.
Rates are at historic lows. They will go up. ( Reversion to the mean unless the mean has experienced a generational shift.) What happens then?
Modeling and stress testing are prudent, and required.

17. How Do We Protect Our Institutions From The Perils Of Rate Changes?
Hedging, or mitigating , interest rate risk.
Caps and Floors
Interest Rate Swaps

18. Caps and Floors
Essentially insurance policies that are triggered by interest rates moving past an index point, or strike price. A one time up-front premium is paid for the contract. The buyers cash exposure is quantified at the outset. The buyer of the contract receives no payment unless triggered- just like your homeowners or auto insurance. The only residual risk is counterparty performance.

19. How does it work?
Assume a Notational Amount of a cap contract of $50M.
Index is the Prime Rate, currently at 4%.
Buyer (Bank) is concerned about rates rising, as they are Liability Sensitive. Should rates rise their deposit costs will go up faster than yields on loans and bonds.
Bank purchases a cap contract from securities firm that pays them should Prime rise above 5%, to be calculated on a quarterly basis, and the term of the contract is two years.
Sure enough! 6 quarters later Prime is now 5.5% (Ask me about 1994).
Investment firm pays Bank cash equal to 50 BP X $50M NA/4, or $62,500.
Floor contract would operate in a similar fashion, as rates decline.

20. Notational Amount
This is the predetermined amount upon which payments are based.
This is NOT an amount of principal at risk.
This is NOT a market value.
The notational – or theoretical- amount NEVER changes hands.
So….when we see statements in the news that the “ Bank and thrifts hold a total notational amount of all outstanding derivative contracts of $178 TRILLION , 15 times our GDP !!!”…Your reaction should be… So what?
Notional amounts outstanding represent ACTIVITY…NOT RISK.
Risk is gauged by the market valuation of the contracts, which is , after netting out bilateral positions, roughly 4% of the notional amount. After netting and collateralization, the figure is closer to 3/10 of 1%.
Still a big number..
BUT…

21. Lets Talk Real Risk……
Global stock of debt and equity outstanding in 2013 was $62 Trillion of UNSECURED lending..
$50 Trillion of Equity
$47 Trillion of Government bonds
$42 Trillion of Corporate Bonds
Talk about your default risk!

22. SWAPS Specifically Interest Rate Swaps
Interest Rate Swaps are simply contracts between two parties to exchange interest rate cash flows.
In the simplest, “plain vanilla” swaps, one party pays a fixed rate, and the counterparty pays a variable rate.
The payments are based on a notional amount. ( You’re experts on that now. )
There are other swaps- currency swaps, commodity swaps, subordinated risk swaps, credit default swaps, zero coupon swaps, variance swaps, total return swaps….and more!
An option on a swap is called a swaption.
There will be 6 questions on your final exam about swaps, so pay attention.
Just kidding..

23. Why would we do an interest rate swap?
Why indeed..???
Perhaps to HEDGE our balance sheet, and hence the income statement, against an ADVERSE movement in interest rates.
Rates ALWAYS move…sometimes slowly, but inexorably.
So… for example, if we are liability sensitive, ( our deposits reprice faster than our loans and bonds), with a loan portfolio of longer term fixed rate loans…What might we do to hedge against rising rates?
How about receiving a variable rate stream of income, while paying a fixed rate stream of income to our counterparty?
In swap parlance this would be “putting on a variable swap”.

24. Examplia Gratis
Lets assume that Bank A has a $100M base of fixed rate loans with 10 year terms.
The average repricing of our liabilities– (Deposit Beta!!) is 8 months.
WHEN rates rise, our Net Interest Margin, or NIM, will be squeezed, and our income will decrease. Can’t have that. What to do?
Lets enter into an interest rate swap with Brand X firm. (Brand X may actually be acting as a broker or intermediary in the transaction, but it doesn’t matter.)
We are going to pay a fixed rate of interest, lets say 1% for the next 3 years.
We are going to receive a variable rate of interest, lets say 90 day LIBOR, currently at .25%, for the same period.
The notional amount of the swap contract is $100M.
At day 1, we are paying out a net of 75 basis points to Brand X, settling quarterly.
.0075 X $100M NA/4 = $187,500 quarterly.
This payment reduces our yield on our fixed rate loan portfolio.
Rates begin to rise…….

25. A simple exchange of cash flows.
Your Bank
1% Fixed
Brand X
90 Day LIBOR
Notional Amount is $100M US

26. Continued…….
A year passes…Sure enough rates are rising. Each quarter the check we send to Brand X gets smaller. Eureka! 90 day LIBOR has broken the 1% barrier. At the end of year 2, 90 day LIBOR stands at 2%. Now we are getting a quarterly check for $250,000 from Brand X. 100 BP (1%) difference X $100M NA/4 = $250,000. While our liability funding costs may or may not have moved in tandem with the movement of LIBOR, whatever increase we experience in our cost of funds is mitigated, or hedged, by the swap income.

27. Notes
Swap agreements are largely standardized by the ISDA, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association.
Swap markets are primarily regulated by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission and the SEC.
The Dodd-Frank Act mandates that banks can longer speculate in swaps markets, they may only use swaps to hedge their own balance sheets or on behalf of customers. ( The Volcker Rule.)
All swaps are now required to be cleared and netted through transparent exchanges.
Regulatory agencies ( Fed, OCC, FDIC, State Banking Commissions) will want clear explanations of the reasons and rationale behind bank swap positions, as well as well documented stress testing and concomitant effects if interest rates move away from your swap strategy.