1. PERSONNEL POLICIES, ORGANISATION STRUCTURE, HRM AS A STAFF FUNCTION & LINE RESPONSIBILITY

2. Personnel Policies, Procedures And Programmes
Personnel policies are guides to action.
They serve as roadmaps for managers on a number of issues such as recruitment, selection and promotion
They cover almost all functions of personnel management
A good personnel policy should be easy to understand, based on facts, equitable, reasonably flexible, precise and related to objectives.

3. Types of personnel policies
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Types of personnel policies
Originated policies
Appealed policies
Imposed policies
General policies
Specific policies
Written or implied policies

4. Advantages of personnel policies
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Advantages of personnel policies
Delegation
Uniformity
Better control
Standards of efficiency
Confidence
Speedy decisions
Coordinating devices

5. Features of a sound personnel policy
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Features of a sound personnel policy
Related to objectives
Easy to understand
Precise
Stable as well as flexible
Based on facts
Appropriate number
Just, fair and equitable
Reasonable
Review

6. Coverage of personnel policies
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Coverage of personnel policies
social responsibility policies
employment policies
promotion policies
development policies
relations policies

7. Formulation of personnel policies
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Formulation of personnel policies
identifying the need
collecting data
specifying alternatives
communicating the policy
evaluating the policy

8. Evaluating the impact of personnel policies
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Evaluating the impact of personnel policies
The impact of human resource policies can be measured through their outcomes:
Commitment: how long an employee stays with a firm
Competence: appraised through performance appraisal techniques
Congruence: nature and frequency of grievances, disagreement, discord and conflict
Cost effectiveness: measured through human resource accounting techniques

9. ORGANISING THE PERSONNEL FUNCTION
The HR function can be organised along traditional as well as modern lines, depending on the nature, scale and complexity of operations in a given organisation.

10. Line and staff relationships: The relationship existing between two managers due to delegation of authority and responsibility and giving or receiving instructions or orders is called line relationship.
Line authority, thus, represents uninterrupted line of authority and responsibility running through the management hierarchy. Staff specialists offer help and advice to line managers, whenever required.
“Staffs think and lines do” “Staffs advise, lines work” “Staffs have the authority of ideas and lines have the authority of command”. Viewed broadly, therefore, personnel management is a line manager’s responsibility but a staff function”.

11. Staff role of the personnel department
Policy initiation and formulation
Advice
Service
Monitor and control

12. Personnel department in a line organisation
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Personnel department in a line organisation
Chief Executive
Personnel Manager
Recruiting Officer
Training Manager
Compensation Manager
Welfare Officer
Assistants
Assistants
Assistants
Assistants

13. Personnel department in a functional organisation
2-19
Personnel department in a functional organisation
Chief Executive
Personnel Manager
Recruiting Officer
Training Manager
Compensation Manager
Welfare Officer
Assistants
Assistants
Assistants
Assistants
Personnel management: functions, policies and roles

14. Personnel department in a line and staff organisation
2-20
Personnel department in a line and staff organisation
Chief Executive
Personnel Manager
Recruiting Officer
Training Manager
Compensation Manager
Welfare Officer
Assistants
Assistants
Assistants
Assistants
Line relationship
Staff relationship

15. Personnel department in a divisionalised structure
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Personnel department in a divisionalised structure

16. Personnel department in a matrix structure
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Personnel department in a matrix structure
Personnel management: functions, policies and roles

17. Organization environment
3-2
Organization environment
Organisations are open systems and are, therefore, influenced by the environment (internal as well as external ) in which they operate.

18. External and internal factors influencing the HR function
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External and internal factors influencing the HR function
External factors Internal factors
v Technological factors v Mission
v Economic challenges v Policies
v Political factors v Organisational culture
v Social factors v Organisation structure
v Local and Governmental issues v HR systems
v Unions
v Employers’ demands
v Workforce diversity

19. Technological Changes And HRM
3-4
Technological Changes And HRM
Technology includes tools, machinery, equipment, work procedures and employee knowledge and skills. The impact of technology on HR can be profound, as the following things clearly reveal:
New skills, knowledge, experience and expertise required to gain the edge over rivals.
Downsize operations, cut organisational layers and cut the extra fat to survive in a competitive world
Collaborate and achieve teamwork
Relocate work from the office to the home
Internet and intranet revolution

20. How to deal with a human resource surplus situation?
3-5
How to deal with a human resource surplus situation?
Why?
Automation
Restructuring
Mergers
Acquisitions
Competitive Pressures
Consequences?
Cuts payroll expenses
Eliminates extra layers
Improves functioning if firm’s product and service profile is good
Shocks those left out
Shattering impact on employee motivation and morale if not managed properly
Managing Survivors of
Bitterness, anger, disbelief and shock need to be handled properly
Give information as to why the action had to be taken
Tell how it is going to help the firm and employees in the long run.

21. Role of HR in a virtual organisation
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Role of HR in a virtual organisation
A virtual organisation is a network of companies or employees connected by computers. Virtual workers work from home, hotels, their cars, or wherever their work takes them. The human resource function plays a unique role in a virtual organisation:
v Psychological fit: The lack of face-to-face interaction in a virtual organisation, virtually compels HR professionals to determine the psychological fit between different units initially.
v System alignment: Given the lack of physical proximity, it becomes even more critical that the organisation's mission, vision and measures be aligned and that all parties are familiar with these issues; the HR function can play an important role in this task.
Cont…

22. Reconsider rewards: In a virtual unit, very few permanent
Reconsider rewards: In a virtual unit, very few permanent positions exist. In many cases, the organisation will be staffed with workers having different motivational forces. So rewarding each entity in an effective way becomes an important job.

23. 3-7
v Reconsider staffing needs: In a virtual organisation, most employees work on a contractual basis. Finding people with requisite skills, knowledge and motivation levels becomes an important activity.
v Build partnerships: Virtual, teams have to be built from scratch paying attention to their unique requirements. The concept of employment needs to be replaced by the concept of 'partnership' especially when most tend to work independently away from the permanent employees or owners of the organisation
v Develop leaders: Leaders become the major forces for building trust, creating a mission and instilling a sense of belonging to the organisation. HR can play a major role in ensuring that leaders assume these responsibilities and meet them in an effective way.

24. Total Quality Management Programmes
3-8
Total Quality Management Programmes
TQM is a way of creating an organisational culture committed to the continuous improvement of skills, teamwork, processes, product and service quality and customer satisfaction.

25. TQM: The main ideas Do it right the first time Be customer oriented
3-9
TQM: The main ideas
Do it right the first time
Be customer oriented
Make continuous improvement a way of life
Build teamwork
Empower people
Create a climate of trust, an atmosphere for innovation

26. Total Quality HR Approach
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Total Quality HR Approach
The Total Quality HR Approach is all about employee participation and empowerment, carried out in a sincere and wholehearted manner.
Rewards are designed to meet employee needs. Employees are treated like customers.
360 degree appraisals are carried out before picking up the best performing teams.
Small ideas and improvements are encouraged.

27. Benchmarking Reengineering
3-12
Benchmarking
Effective implementation of TQM requires benchmarking. The essence of benchmarking is striving to be the best of the best in one’s area of operations. It is a continuous process of measuring products, services and practices against the toughest competitors or industry leaders with the aim of mutual improvement.
Reengineering
The primary focus of TQM is on continuous improvement or ongoing incremental change. Reengineering is all about achieving this. Actually speaking, reengineering takes place when more than 70 per cent of the work processes in an organisation are evaluated and altered. The focus is on simplifying operations and making them more efficient and customer oriented.

28. Essentials of reengineering
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Essentials of reengineering
Give people a mission; a clear view of how to achieve that mission.
Either serve the customer superbly or don’t even try.
Change is the way of life. It is not a process, it is a value.
Technology is never really a problem. The problem is how to use technology effectively.
The wrong answer rarely kills you. What it does is waste time.
The weak link in reengineering is will.
Once people catch on to reengineering, you can’t hold them back. It’s a lifetime opportunity.
In India TELCO, TISCO, L&T, Ranbaxy and Crompton Greaves have successfully brought about radical changes through Reengineering.

29. Flexible Manufacturing systems
3-14
Flexible Manufacturing systems
It is the integration of computer aided design, engineering and manufacturing to produce low volume products at mass production costs. In such a scenario, employees need to acquire skills and get trained constantly. One should be capable of handle a variety of tasks.

30. Economic, Political And Social Challenges And HR
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Economic, Political And Social Challenges And HR
Now-a-days, people, goods, capital and information are moving around the globe as never before.
Global competition is making every firm to think in terms of gaining an edge over rivals by producing high quality goods at a very competitive price.
This is where the ‘people’ dimension comes into being. Incentives, favourable work climate, team spirit, freedom to think and act independently, and a host of other HR initiatives are needed to keep talent from flying away.

31. 3-16
What HR managers can do ?
Use workforce skills and abilities in order to exploit environmental opportunities and neutralise threats.
Employ innovative reward plans that recognise employee contributions and grant enhancements.
Indulge in continuous quality improvement through TQM and HR contributions (training, development, counselling, coaching etc.).
Utilise people with distinctive capabilities to create unsurpassed competence in an area (Xerox in photocopier, 3M in adhesives, Telco in trucks, Britannia in biscuits, Nestle in coffee, McDonald’s in fast foods, etc.).
Decentralise operations and rely on self managed teams to deliver goods in difficult times (Motorola is famous for short product development cycles. It has quickly commercialised ideas from its research labs).
Lay off workers in a smooth way, explaining facts (IBM, Kodak, Xerox, AT&T, Steel and Textile firms in India etc.) to unions, workers and other affected groups. HR generally plays a key role, these days, in planning and implementing corporate downsizings, and then in maintaining the morale of the remaining employees.

32. Political factors Social factors Political stability
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Political factors
Political stability
Formation of new political parties
Influence of politicians over Productivity linked wage agreements
Political parties sympathetic to trade unionism
Opposition to VRS schemes, downsizing operations, restructuring exercises.
Freedom to show the door to unwanted people
Social factors
Conducting business in a socially relevant and responsible way.
Hire qualified people or hire inexperienced local people and train them to avoid trouble?
Helping economically poor people, unemployed, underprivileged ones, etc.

33. Local and government-related factors
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Local and government-related factors
Meet legislative requirements
Offering jobs to certain sections of local community
Trade unions
Demands for higher wages, better working conditions, incentives, benefits, services

34. MANAGING WORKFORCE DIVERSITY
3-19
MANAGING WORKFORCE DIVERSITY
The workforce is becoming increasingly diverse now and organisations are doing their best to address employee concerns and to maximise benefits of different kind to employees with diverse educational, cultural and religious backgrounds. The diversity issues, mainly, include the following:
Composition
In terms of age, caste, education, culture, region, religion
Minority groups
Economically backward groups
Displaced persons
Child labour
Contract labour
Women employees

35. Ways to cheer up women employees
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Ways to cheer up women employees
Provide alternative career paths
Offer extended leave facilities so that they can meet their pressing commitments according to their convenience
Allow female workers to create their own schedules and process work at home
Create flexible work arrangements
Permit job sharing especially in case of relatively independent tasks such as filing, faxing, word processing, photo copying etc.
In order to benefit from diversity, managers should recognise the potential concerns of employees and make sure that the exchange between the organisation and employees is mutually beneficial and satisfying.

36. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND HR
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INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND HR
Organisations are also influenced by a variety of internal factors relating to strategy, culture, structure etc.
Mission and Strategy
Internal Policies
Organisational Culture
Organisation structure
Human resource systems

37. Designing appropriate HR systems
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Designing appropriate HR systems
Issue Focus on
Nature of employment : Job/Career
Recruitment : Internal/external/both
Selection : Merit/other considerations
Training and employee : 6 months/yearly development actions Regular/irregular/need based
Degree of participation : Top down/bottom up
Incentives : Individual merit/group output
Job security : Lifelong employment/need-based jobs
Employee welfare : Be a model employer (offer those that are needed by law.)