1. Mollusks and Echinoderms

2. What is a mollusk?
Mollusks are invertebrates with soft bodies that are often protected by a hard shell (oysters, clams, snails).
Some lack the shell
All mollusks have a thin layer of tissue that covers their internal organs called the mantle.
Found everywhere.

3. Other Structure Mollusks have bilateral symmetry.
Internal organs include kidneys: What are they used for?
Many mollusks also have a structure called the radula: a flexible ribbon of teeth. This structure is used to scrape food off of objects.

4. Snail radula

5. History Mollusks have been around for millions of years.
We know this because their hard shells form very nice fossils.
Also form Limestone.
What are fossils?

6. Limestone
Biological sedimentary rock—formed from shells of organisms (mollusks) over many years.
Different names of limestone based on how rock is formed, its appearance or composition.
Limestone is rock by definition that contains at least 50% calcium carbonate.

7. Types of Limestone
Coquina: A poorly-cemented limestone that is composed mainly of broken shell debris. It often forms on beaches where wave action segregates shell fragments of similar size.

8. Other types of limestone
Chalk: A soft limestone with a very fine texture that is usually white or light gray in color. It is formed mainly from the calcareous shell remains of microscopic marine organisms such as foraminifers or the calcareous remains from numerous types of marine algae.

9. Limestone rock
Tufa: A limestone produced by precipitation of calcium-laden waters at a hot spring, lake shore or other location.

10. Coral reef forming limestone from calcium carbonate skeletons

11. Limestone- Forming Environment
Nasa satellite image
100mi wide

12. Stomach Foot
The largest group of mollusks are the snails and their relatives (gastropods).
Get their name from the fact their stomach and foot are in the same area.

13. Continue Live everywhere from the ocean to treetops.
Can be herbivores, scavengers and carnivores (cone shell).
Many snails have a tight fitting trap door on their shell that they can close off if threatened.
Slugs have the same features as snails except one.

14. Gastropods

15. Snails

16. Slugs

17. Two Shelled Mollusks
Have two shells held together by a hinge and muscle.
Lack radula
Are filter feeders - use their gills to catch food as they breathe.
Food sticks to mucus on the gills; then cilia take it to the stomach.

18. Bivalves
Bivalves have three layers in their shell. The inside layer has a pearly appearance.
As adults typically stay in one place.
Clams and scallops however can actively move if startled
Clams use their foot if startled to bury themselves.
Scallops can clap their shells to leap away.

19. Bivalves
Sea Scallop
Giant Clam

20. Anatomy of an Oyster

21. Clams
                             
                                          
Greater European Peaclam
Asian Clam

22. Mussels
                                                          

23.                                                                            
How are Pearls Formed?
Pearls are formed when a sand grain or parasitic worm gets caught in a bivalve. The mantle becomes irritated and produces the pearly layer over the irritation. This just makes it bigger and more irritating. It keeps putting on layer after layer forming a pearl.

24.                                                                            
Pearls
Natural pearls vary in size and shape. Their shape depends on the piece being coated. These are rare and very expensive.
Cultured pearls are formed
when the shells are opened
and different shape beads are
inserted.

25. Natural Black Pearl

26. Formation of a Pearl
                                                                  

27. Head Foots Cephalopods means “head-footed”.
Foot is adapted as tentacles around the mouth.
Some members of this group are the octopus, cuttlefish, and squid.
Most advanced of all invertebrates.

28. Octopus Found only in the ocean where they move by jet propulsion.
Communicate by changing the color and patterns of their skin.
Use their tentacles and suckers to capture food.
Excellent vision and nervous system.
They have even been found to remember things they have learned in captivity.

29. Why does this use a bright coloring?
Blue-ringed octopus. One of the most toxic animals.

33. Squid
Giant Pacific Squid

35. Cuttlefish
                                                                                            

37. The Echinoderms

38. Spiny Skinned animals Have radial symmetry (?)
Invertebrates that live in the ocean.
Have an endoskeleton that is made up of calcium plates: Where would we find an endoskeleton?
Symmetry is based on fives
Also have a water vascular system

39. Sea Stars or Starfish
Dissected starfish. Notice the radial canals which are
part of the water-vascular system.

40. Brittle Star

41. Sea Lily

42. Sea Lily or Feather star
                                                              

43. Sea Urchin

44. Sand dollar

45. Sand dollars
Arrowhead
Flat Round

46. Sea Biscut
Pancake

47. Sea Gopher

48. Sea Cucumber

49. Water vascular system
Parts of the tubes can contract and squeeze the water into tube feet. This allows the feet to grip the surface underneath the organism, allowing it to move.
They also use these tube feet to pull open the shells of mollusks

50. Water-Vascular System
Tube feet

51. Sea Star
When feeding, a sea star grasps a bivalve (?) with all of its feet and pulls the shell open.
Once the shell is open the sea star forces its stomach out of its body and into the clam, and digests it externally.
What other two organisms have we seen do this?
Can regenerate lost arms. Some species lost arms can grow new bodies!!

52. Other Echinoderms
Brittle stars are close relatives to sea stars. Except their arms are extremely long, slender, and flexible.
Sea urchins and sand dollars lack arms, but have hard spines.
These spines are mobile and are used for movement.
Have teeth that they use to scrape food off of objects.

53. Continued Sea cucumber bodies are soft and flexible.
Some have tube feet on their underbelly for which they use to move across the sea floor.
They crawl along the sea floor sucking in food found in the sand.
Other sea cucumbers are filter feeders that use their tube feet to catch food particles in the water.

54. Review What type of symmetry do mollusks and echinoderms have?
Who are the three groups of mollusks?
What is a radula?
What organ system do they have that the worms lacked?
What happens if you cut an arm off of a star fish?
How does the water vascular system work?