1. Hemodynamics updated 4/25/2012
Hemodynamics is the study of the forces that influence the circulation of blood.
Meaning literally "blood movement" is the study of blood flow or the circulation.

2. Is everything working the way it is supposed to?
How bad is your day?
Is everything working the way it is supposed to?

3. Goal:
The goal of hemodynamic monitoring is to maintain adequate tissue perfusion. Classical hemodynamic monitoring is based on the invasive measurement of systemic, pulmonary arterial and venous pressures, and of cardiac output.

4. - Monitors do not always “tell the truth.”
How many times has a code been called by nursing because the monitor showed V-tach or V-fib, only to find out that the RT was giving the patient Vest therapy.
Or how often we spent wasted time figuring out a ventilator alarm when the ETT had been disconnected from the circuit.
Therapeutic decision-making based on numbers alone is
never appropriate and can be dangerous, even deadly.

5. Trace a drop of blood through the heart 

6. Ventricular Preload
Ventricular preload refers to the degree that the myocardial fiber is stretched prior to contraction (end-diastole).
Within limits, the more the myocardial fiber is stretched during diastole (preload), the more strongly it will contract during systole, and therefore the greater the myocardial contractility will be.

7. Ventricular Afterload
Ventricular afterload is defined as the force against which the ventricles must work to pump blood.
Determined by:
1) The volume and viscosity of the blood ejected
2) The peripheral vascular resistance
3) The total cross-sectional area of the vascular space into which blood is ejected.
Arterial systolic blood pressure best reflects the ventricular afterload.

8. Blood Volume
Although total blood volume varies with age, body size and sex, the normal adult volume is 5 Liters.
75% is in the systemic circulation
15% in the heart
10% in the pulmonary circulation
Overall, about 60% of the total blood volume is in the veins and about 10% in the arteries.
The capillary bed normally contains about 75ml of blood but has the capacity to hold 200ml.
Hypovolemia due to bleeding out, shock (shunt), dehydration
Hypervolemia due to fluid overload (IV therapy, renal disease, CHF)

9. Stoke Volume
Stroke Volume is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles (particularly the left ventricle) during each contraction or systole.
The preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility are the major determinates of stroke volume. {normal SV is ml/beat}
Note: The heart does not eject all the blood it contains during systole.
ESV = a small volume that remains in the heart called the end-systolic volume, remains behind in the ventricles
EDV = during the resting phase, or diastole, the ventricles fill back up to a volume called the end-diastolic volume
EDV-ESV = Stroke Volume
Normal stoke volume of 70ml, we can compute an ejection fraction (EF)
SV / EDV = EF or 70 / 110 = 0.64 or 64%

10. Cardiac Output Stoke Volume is determined by: Ventricular preload
Ventricular afterload
Myocardial contractility
Cardiac Output directly influences blood pressure
CO is measured via a special PA catheter using the thermodilution method
CO is the volume of blood pumped in 1 minute
SV x HR = CO {normal CO is 4-8 L/min}
If SV is 70ml and HR is 72 bpm, the CO is 5,040 ml/min
If HR is 100 bpm and CO is 8L (8000ml):
800ml ÷ 100bpm = 80ml SV

11. BSA is needed to calculate both the Stroke Volume Index (SVI)
and the Cardiac Index (CI)
BSA can be calculated by the following formula, or by the Dubois Body Surface Chart as shown:
BSA =
1+ weight in Kg + (height in cm – 160) ÷ 100

12. Stoke Volume Index and Cardiac Index
Stroke Volume Index (SVI)
Assuming the heart rate remains the same, as the stroke volume index increases or decreases, the cardiac index also increases or decreases.
The stroke volume index reflects:
contractility of the heart
overall blood volume status
amount of venous return
SV / BSA = SVI
Example: 60 ml/beat ÷ 2 m2 = SVI of 30 ml/beat/m2
Cardiac Index (CI)
If CO is being determined, the CI should also be calculated for additional information on heart function. Calculated as CO / BSA = CI
Example: 5 L/min ÷ 2 m2 = 2.5 L/min/m2
Normal, resting Cardiac Index is 2.5–4 L/min/m2 of BSA

13. Hemodynamic Video Lecture:
Play YouTube Video
Hemodynamic Video Lecture:
Graphic Display (duration = 4 minutes) :

14. Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)
The PVR measurement reflects the afterload of the right ventricle.
(PA – PCWP) / CO x 80 = PVR
(normal PVR = dynes/sec/cm-5, or 1-3 mmHg/L/min)
Increased PVR – Chemical:
Decrease alveolar oxygenation (alveolar hypoxia)
Decreased pH (acidemia)
Increased PCO2 (hypercapnia)
Increased PVR – Pharmacologic Agents:
Epinephrine (Adrenalin®)
Norepinephrine (Levophed®, Levarterenol®)
Dobutamine (Dobutrex®)
Dopamine (Intropin®)
Phynelephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)

15. PVR cont. Increased PVR – Hyperinflation of Lungs:
Mechanical ventilation
CPAP, PEEP, ↑Vt
Increased PVR – Pathology:
Vessel blockage or obstruction
Caused by a thrombus or an embolus
(blood clot, fat cell, air bubble, or tumor mass)
Vessel wall disease
Sclerosis, Endarteritis, Polyarteritis, Scleroderma
Vessel destruction or obliteration
Emphysema or Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis
Vessel compression
Pneumothorax, Hemothorax, or Tumor mass

16. PVR cont. Decreased PVR – Pharmacologic Agent: Oxygen
Isoproterenol (Isuprel®)
Aminophylline
Calcium-blocking agent
Decreased PVR – Humoral Substances:
Acetylcholine
Bradykinin
Prostaglandin E
Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2)

17. Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) (aka Peripheral Vascular Resistance)
The SVR measurement reflects the afterload of the left ventricle.
Circulatory Resistance is derived by dividing the mean blood pressure by the cardiac output: BP ÷ CO = Resistance
(normal SVR = 900-1,400 dynes/sec/cm-5, or 15-20mm Hg/L/min)
Generally, if vascular resistance increases, BP increases.
Blood pressure can be used to reflect pulmonary or systemic resistance.
Increased SVR – Vasoconstricting Agents:
Epinephrine (Adrenalin®)
Norepinephrine (Levophed®, Levarterenol®)
Dopamine (Intropin®)
Phynelephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
Increased SVR – Abnormal Conditions:
Hypovolemia
Septic shock (late stages)
↓PCO2

18. SVR cont. Decreased SVR – Vasodilating Agents: Nitroglycerin
Nitroprusside (Nipride®)
Morphine
Amrinone (Inocor®)
Hydralazine (Apresoline®)
Methyldopa (Aldomet®)
Diazoxide (Hyperstat®)
Decreased SVR – Abnormal Conditions:
Septic shock (early stages)
↑PCO2

19. Nitric Oxide Therapy (NO)
Because it relaxes capillary smooth muscle, inhalation of NO improves blood flow to ventilated alveoli.
This reduces intrapulmonary shunting, improves arterial oxygenation, and lowers pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressures.
Knowledge of the effect of NO therapy on patient outcomes awaits further study.
{AARC Clinical Practice Guidelines}

20. NO in the Cath-Lab
Although NO is used often in the Cath-Lab; research on its effect is limited.
"Cardiac catheterization in congenital heart disease patients is frequently more time consuming because of small vessel size, the multiple measurements that must be made, the instability of the patients (particularly neonates and infants), the frequency of multiple sites of arterial-venous admixture, and performance of other required interventions (e.g., Rashkind procedure). For example, evaluation of pulmonary artery hypertension may require administration of oxygen, nitric oxide, or other agents and repeated measurement of pulmonary blood flow pressures and cardiac output."

21. Monitoring Devices Non-Invasive: SpO2 BP cuff
TEE (Transesophageal Echocardiography)
Invasive:
ABG
Radial Arterial Line Catheter
CVP
SvO2
Swan-Ganz

22. SpO2 Monitoring

23. SpO2 Quiz

24. Blood Pressure Monitoring

25. Blood Pressure
Systemic arterial BP is the force exerted against the walls of the arteries when blood is pumped through them.
In other words:
Blood pressure (BP) is a function of the Cardiac Output (CO) times the Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
CO x SVR = BP
Normal CO = 4-8 L/min
Normal SVR = mmHg/L/min
Normal BP with proper size cuff and use of a sphygmomanometer = 120/80 mmHg
{Systolic normal range = mmHg; Diastolic normal range = 60-90mmHg}
Infants and children <10 years of age
Systolic mmHg
Diastolic mmHg

26. Mean BP Calculate the Mean BP
Systolic – Diastolic = Pulse Pressure (PP)
PP x 1/3 = _____ + diastolic = Mean
{Mean arterial pressure = mmHg}
If BP is 130/90, then: If BP is 90/40, then:
130 – 90 = 40 (PP) – 40 = 50
40 x .33 = x .33 = 16.5
= = 57
Why calculate the Mean Blood Pressure?
Most physician’s drug orders are given to nursing based on it.
“if mean is less than (#), then give x_dose”
All else being constant, the mean arterial pressure is directly related to the volume of blood in the vascular system, and inversely related to its capacity
Volume ÷ Capacity = MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)

27. Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)
An echocardiogram (echo) uses high-frequency sound waves to produce a graphic outline of the heart’s movement.
A Transesophageal echo (TEE) test is a type of echo test in which the ultrasound transducer, positioned on an endoscope, is guided down the patient’s throat into the esophagus (the "food pipe" leading from the mouth into the stomach). An endoscope is a long, thin, flexible instrument that is about ½ inch in diameter.
The TEE test provides a close look at the heart’s valves and chambers, without interference from the ribs or lungs. TEE is often used when the results from standard echo tests are not sufficient, or when your doctor wants a closer look at your heart.
TEE may be combined with Doppler ultrasound and color Doppler to evaluate blood flow across the heart’s valves.

28. Transesophageal Echocardiography

29. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

30. Radial Arterial Line Catheter aka: A-line, Art-line, RAL
Insertion recommended for the following situations;
1. The patient needs continuous monitoring of blood pressure
[a hypotensive pt is receiving medication such as Levophed, vasopressin, dopamine]
Frequent arterial blood samples needed for blood gas analysis
Note: a newborn will have the line placed into the umbilical artery

31. Radial Arterial Line Catheter

32. Setting Up a Pressure Transducer :
Play YouTube Video
Setting Up a Pressure Transducer :
A-line catheter setup (duration = 5 minutes) :
(all the parts for setup + flushing the line)
A-line & CVP setup (duration = 10 minutes) :
(demonstrates “burping the bag”)
Video – placing the Art-line (duration = 2 minutes) :
(placing the catheter & drawing blood)

33. RAL continued

35. Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
via a Central Line Catheter
The tip of the central-line catheter resides in the superior vena cava just above the right atrium
This CVP is a measurement of the pressure in the Right Atrium
Two factors that influence the Right Atrial pressure:
Blood volume returning to it
Function of the Right Ventricle
CVP line inserted to:
Monitor the patient’s right-sided (right atrium) heart pressure
To rapidly administer a large volume of IV fluids
To administer cardiac medications during a CPR attempt

36. CVP cont. ↓ CVP usually indicates that the patient is hypovolemic
↑ CVP may suggest:
1. Fluid overload
check for elevated BP, crackles in bases of lungs
2. Tricuspid valve or pulmonic valve insufficiency or stenosis
3. Right ventricular failure
if a COPD pt with pulmonary HTN has RV failure, the condition is:
cor pulmonale
4. Cardiac tamponade
5. Atrial or Ventricular septal defect with left-to-right intracardiac shunt
6. Pulmonary embolism

37. CVP

38. SvO2
Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) is measured from a mixed venous blood sample. Small changes in PvO2 (pressure of mixed venous oxygen) lead to large changes in SvO2, and therefore large changes in CvO2.
As a result, the SvO2 measurement is a sensitive index of cardiac output (CO) and tissue perfusion if VO2 is stable.
Continuous SvO2 monitoring has been suggested as an alternative to intermittent, serial CO measurements. Based on the Fick equation (see separate slide), if total body oxygen consumption, hemoglobin, and SaO2 remain constant, a change in CO should be reflected by a parallel change in SvO2.
Low PvO2, SvO2 and ScvO2 (CVP measurement with fiber-optic technology) values are often seen in patients with heart failure because the slow flow of blood through the tissues results in more oxygen being extracted.

39. SvO2 Monitoring = SvO2 may be continuously monitored
through a fiber-optic reflectance oximetry
system incorporated in a five-lumen
pulmonary artery catheter. =
CCO/SvO2 catheter
A new pulmonary artery balloon flow-directed catheter combines a fiber optic photometric system for continuous display of mixed venous blood oxygen saturation (SO2) with the capacity for hemodynamic measurements including thermodilution cardiac output estimation.

40. SvO2 Monitoring
The thermodilution technique has become the de facto clinical standard for measuring cardiac output because of its ease of implementation and the long clinical experience using it in various settings. It is a variant of the indicator dilution method, in which a known amount of a substance is injected into the blood stream and its concentration change measured over time at a downstream site. As its name implies, the thermodilution method uses a thermal indicator, whereas other indicator dilution methods use various substances, such as indocyanine green dye.
Photometric detection system having multiple path length flow

41. Fick Equation
VO2 max
… (aka: maximal oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen uptake, peak oxygen uptake or aerobic capacity) …
is the maximum capacity of an individual's body to transport and use oxygen during incremental exercise, which reflects the physical fitness of the individual.
The name is derived from V = volume per time, O2 = oxygen, max = maximum.
Q x (CaO2 – CvO2) = VO2 max
Q is the cardiac output of the heart
CaO2 is the arterial oxygen content
CvO2 is the venous oxygen content

42. Swan-Ganz Catheter
Used to measure hemodynamic and central pressure variables such as pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
Measure several hemodynamic parameters directly
The development of the pulmonary artery catheter by Swan and Ganz in the late 1960s began a new era in assessment of left ventricular and pulmonary performance.
Unlike the CVP that is placed in the right jugular vein, the Swan Ganz is usually placed into the subclavian.

43. Swan-Ganz Catheter
The Swan-Ganz catheter is a balloon-tipped catheter made of polyvinyl chloride that is used to measure CVP, PAP and PCWP.
The catheter also allows for the aspiration of blood from the pulmonary artery for mixed venous blood gas sampling and injection of fluids to determine cardiac output.
The distal channel (lumen) is used for the measurement of PAP and for obtaining mixed venous blood from the pulmonary artery.
The proximal channel (lumen) is used for the measurement of CVP or right atrial pressure and for the injection of fluids to determine cardiac output.
The balloon inflation channel controls the inflation and deflation of a small balloon, located about 1cm from the distal tip of the catheter, and is used to measure PCWP.
The fourth channel is an extra port for the continuous infusion of fluid, when necessary.
This catheter is also equipped with a computer connector to measure cardiac output with the use of the thermodilution technique.

44. Values HEMODYNAMIC VALUE ABBREVIATION NORMAL RANGE
Directly Measured from the Swan-Ganz:
Central Venous Pressure CVP <8 mmHg [<6 depending on textbook]
Right Atrial Pressure RAP 2–8 mmHg [2-6 depending on textbook]
Right Ventricle RVP 0–5 mmHg [systolic = 20-30mmHg]
Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure PA 9–20 mmHg [systolic = 20-30mmHg
Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure diastolic = 6-15mmHg]
(aka: Pulmonary Artery Wedge)
(aka: Pulmonary Artery Occlusion) PCWP 4–12 mmHg
Cardiac Output CO 4–8 L/min
Calculated from the direct measurements listed above:
Stroke Volume SV 60–130 ml
Stroke Volume Index SVI 30–50 ml/beat/m2
Cardiac Index CI 2.5–4.2 L/min/m2
Right Ventricular Stroke Work Index RVSWI 7–12 g m/m2
Left Ventricular Stroke Work Index LVSWI 40–60 g m/m2
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance PVR 20–120 dynes/sec/cm¯5
or, 1.5–3.0 mmHg/L/min
Systemic Vascular Resistance SVR 800–1500 dynes/sec/cm¯5
or, 15–20 mmHg/L/min

45. Pulmonary Artery Catheterization :
Play YouTube Video
Pulmonary Artery Catheterization :
Catheter placement (duration 50 sec) :

46. Swan-Ganz Monitoring
The pacer leads are connected directly to the pacemaker. If cardiac pacing is not required, the lumen can be used for infusions and blood sampling.

47. Swan Ganz Catheter Placement :
Play YouTube Video
Swan Ganz Catheter Placement :
Physician’s Lecture (duration = 9 minutes) :
(monitoring pressures)
Physician’s Lecture (duration = 6 minutes) :
(heart model demonstration)

48. Put It All Together

49. A burn victim is being monitored in the ICU
A burn victim is being monitored in the ICU. Pertinent data are below: PvO2 45 torr PCWP 4 mm Hg Mean PAP 11 mm Hg CVP 4 cm H2O Urine Output 5 mL/hr
As the respiratory therapist, you should recommend:
An increase in intravascular volume
The initiation of diuretic therapy
Assist/Control ventilation
An increase in FIO2

50. A burn victim is being monitored in the ICU
A burn victim is being monitored in the ICU. Pertinent data are below: PvO2 45 torr PCWP 4 mm Hg Mean PAP 11 mm Hg CVP 4 cm H2O Urine Output 5 mL/hr
As the respiratory therapist, you should recommend:
An increase in intravascular volume

51. Are you Hemodynamically stable today?
Or is everything out of the norm?

52. Open Book Test May use: > EGAN’s Fundamentals of Respiratory Care
> Clinical Assessment in Respiratory Care
> Basic Clinical Lab Competencies – Gary White
> Comprehensive Exam Review – J.R. Sills