1. Solid and Hazardous wastes
Akay Melikoğlu
Baran Gülsün
Cem Çiftçi
Burak Gür
Meltem Bayrak
Solid and Hazardous wastes

2. Outline Introduction Definitions
Solid wastes
Hazardous wastes
Non-hazardous wastes
Acute hazardous wastes, advantages and disadvantages
Types of wastes
Institutions that is established for waste management

3. Daily average waste per person

4. Essential Definitions
Solid Wastes: Any unwanted or discarded material that is not a liquid or a gas. It can include organic waste, paper, metals, glass, cloth, construction wastes, yard waste and wood.

5. Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous waste is waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to our health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, gases. They can be discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides, or the by-products of manufacturing processes

6. Most Common properties of Hazardous wastes
Flammability
Reactivity
Corrosivity
Toxicity

7. Most toxic household hazardous items
Paints and solvents
Automotive wastes
Pesticides
Mercury-containing wastes
Aerosols / Propane cylinders
Fertilizers

8. Eutrophication due to Fertilizers
Eutrophication: is the response of the ecosystem to the addition of artificial or natural substances, such as nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers, to an aquatic system. Which results to exponential growth of the algae and phytoplanktons.

10. 3R: Reuse, Reduce, Recycle.
A proper waste management plan should be implemented to promote waste minimization at source.
If waste generation is unavoidable then the potential for recycling or reuse should be explored and opportunities taken. If wastes cannot be recycled then the recommended disposal routes should be followed.
Source Reduction
Recycling
Reuse

11. Reduce
Source reduction is one of the fundamental ways to reduce waste.
Can be done by
using less material when making a product
reuse of products on site
designing products or packaging to reduce their quantity.
On an individual level we can reduce the use of unnecessary items while shopping, buy items with minimal packaging, avoid buying disposable items and also avoid asking for plastic carry bags.

12. Recycle
Recycling : Process to change (waste) materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials.
Recycling benefits
conservation of resources
reduction in energy used during manufacture
reducing pollution levels
Some materials such as aluminum and steel can be recycled many times. Mining of new aluminum is expensive and hence recycled aluminum has a strong market and plays a significant role in the aluminum industry.
Metal, paper, glass and plastics are recyclable.
Paper recycling can also help preserve forests as it takes about 17 trees to make one ton of paper.
Crushed glass (cullet) reduces the energy required to manufacture new glass by 50 percent and reducing air pollution.

13. Collection of Recyclable Materials
A number of different systems have been implemented to collect recyclates from the general waste stream. The three main categories of collection are;
Drop off centers
Buy back centers
Curbside Collection

14. Collection of Recyclable Materials
Drop-off centers require the waste producer to carry the recyclates to a central location, either an installed or mobile collection station or the reprocessing plant itself. They are the easiest type of collection to establish, but suffer from low and unpredictable throughput.
Buy-back centres differ in that the cleaned recyclates are purchased, thus providing a clear incentive for use and creating a stable supply. 

15. Recycling Containers

16. Sorting
Once recyclates are collected they aredelivered to a central collection facility.
The different types of materials must be sorted.
A series of stages, many of which involve automated processes such that a truckload of material can be fully sorted in less than an hour. 
Some plants can now sort the materials automatically, known as single-stream recycling.
In plants a variety of materials are sorted such as paper, different types of plastics, glass, metals, food scraps, and most types of batteries. 

17. Sorting

18. Problems of Recycling
The problems associated with recycling are either technical or economical.
Plastics are difficult to recycle because of the different types of polymer resins used in their production. Since each type has its own chemical makeup different plastics cannot be recycled together. Thus separation of different plastics before recycling is necessary.
Similarly in recycled paper the fibers are weakened and it is difficult to control the color of the recycled product.
Recycled paper is banned for use in food containers to prevent the possibility of contamination. It very often costs less to transport raw paper pulp than scrap paper. Collection, sorting and transport account for about 90 percent of the cost of paper recycling.

19. Composting
Composting is the controlled decomposition of organic matter.

20. Type of composting Active (hot) composting Passive (cold) composting
~55oC
Higher temperature kill most pathogens
Regularly stirring ensure aeration
Faster (take weeks)
Passive (cold) composting
~30oC
Much slower (may take months)
May develop anaerobic condition, releasing odor and greenhouse gas (e.g. methane)

21. Garden Composting

23. Incineration Facilities
Generates energy from wastes

24. Energy Generation from waste

26. Case study Love Canal Disaster
Love canal is a province of near Niagara Falls, NY
Hooker chemicals and plastics used the area for landfill, buried tons of chemical waste under the soil in 1940s
After the landfill process is done, company sold the area for $1 to the state.
More than 100 houses and a school has built to the area
By 1970s, chemical wastes began to bubble up into backyards, cellars and ground water.
Which eventually poisoned thousands of people
All the families had to evacuate their houses.

27. Consequences Burns in skin Choking if inhaled Feints Birth defects
Miscarriages
Death of plant ecosystem
Highly increased cancer cases

28. Aerial photo from 1978

30. Satellite photo from 2010

31. Question
What is the proper waste management plan? What should we do if waste generation is unavoidable?
Answer: First step is to reduce the source of the waste. If waste generation is unavoidable, then reuse and recycle mechanisms should be applied.

32. Related videos Recycling: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y68tBxVrnXg
Composting:
Love Canal Disaster:

33. Thanks For Your Attention!

34. SOLID WASTE
Solid waste , commonly known as trash or garbage, is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public.

35. COMPOSITION
The composition of solid waste varies greatly from country to country and changes significantly with time.

36. Countries which have a developed recycling culture
The waste stream consists mainly of intractable wastes such as plastic film, and un-recyclable packaging.
At the start of the 20th century, the majority of domestic waste (53%) in the UK consisted of coal ash from open fires

37. Developed countries without significant recycling
It includes food wastes, yard wastes, containers and product packaging, and other miscellaneous wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources.

38. TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Most definitions of solid waste do not include industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, medical waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge.
Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper

39. TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics, fabrics, clothes, batteries etc.

40. TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris.

41. TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Electrical and electronic waste (WEEE) - electrical appliances, TVs, computers, screens, etc.

42. TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys.

43. TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Hazardous waste including most paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, fertilizer and containers

44. TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Toxic waste including pesticide, herbicides, fungicides

45. TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Medical waste: discarded surgical gloves, surgical instruments, needles etc.

46. SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Residential: Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes.).
Generators: Single and multifamily dwellings

47. SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Industrial: Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes.
Generators: Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants.

48. SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Commercial: Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes.
Generators: Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc.
Institutional: Same as commercial.
Generators: Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers.

49. SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Construction and demolition: Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
Generators: New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings

50. SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Municipal services: Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge.
Generators: Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants.

51. SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Process (manufacturing, etc.): Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off-specification products, slay, tailings.
Generators: Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing.

52. SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Agriculture: Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides).
Generators: Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms.

53. QUESTION?
Name four of the solid waste types and give an example to each of them.
Answer:
Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste.
Recyclable material: paper.
Inert waste: construction and demolition waste.
Composite wastes: waste clothing.
Etc.

54. Why solid wastes are increasing?
-Population Growth
-Increasing industrial manufacturing
-Urbanization
-Modernization

55. How Humans are exposed to solid wastes?
Ingestion of contaminated food or water
Contact with disease vectors
Inhalation
Dermal contact

56. Contaminated water and food

57. Contact with disease vectors

58. Inhalation

59. Dermal Contact

60. Impacts of Solid Waste on Health
Chemical poisoning through inhalation
Nausea, vomiting
Cancer
Low birth weight
Congenital Malformation
Neurological diseases

61. Effects on animals and aquatic life
Mercury accumulation in aquatic animals
Plastic waste ingestion of birds
Eutrophication
Decreased soil and water quality

62. Mercury accumulation in aquatic animals

63. Plastic waste ingestion of birds

64. Eutrophication

65. Decreased soil and water quality

66. Impacts of solid wastes to environment
Waste breakdown in landfills to form methane which is a greenhouse gas
Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to biodegradable wastes.
Health issues and diseases caused by pollution of soil, water and air

67. Question
What are the main factors of the exponantially increasing pollution of the world?

68. Storage of Wastes

69. Storage of Wastes
Storage: Holding of hazardous waste for a temporary period until the waste is transported, treated or disposed.
Container: Any portable device which has a capacity that doesn’t exceed 454 liters.
Storage Facility: Place where hazardous wastes are stored in tanks or containers.
Tank: A stationary device to contain an accumulation of hazardous waste which is constructed primarly of non- earthen materials such as wood, concrete, steel and plastic.

70. Storage of Wastes When storing hazardous waste or recyclables,
containers must be:
In good condition and not leaking
Protected from the weather
Compatible with the materials they are storing to avoid corrosion or chemical reactions that could result in fire
Kept closed except when adding waste
Not opened, handled or stored in ways that could cause leaks or ruptures
Clearly marked and labeled to identify what is being stored

71. Storage of Wastes In addition, the following requirements and
precautions should be taken:
Clean up any spills immediately
Do not store incompatible wastes together
Have in place secondary containment for liquid hazardous waste/recyclables
Use separate containers and appropriate barriers between different waste to prevent contact in the event of a release
Inspect waste and recyclables in storage weekly and note any deterioration or corrosion in an inspection log

72. Storage of Wastes
Properly
Stored
Improperly Stored

73. Waste Storage Site Hazardous wastes and recyclables must be
stored in a place that allows for safe handling (store facility)
and is prepared for emergencies. The storage
facility must:
Prevent access by unauthorized persons
Be posted as a hazardous waste/recyclables storage area
Have proper equipment to handle emergency situations
Have designated people responsible for the site and able to respond to emergency situations
Be designed and maintained to ensure run-off cannot enter the secondary containment system
Be located away from sewer drains, manholes, drainage courses and standing water

74. Waste Storage Sites

75. Waste Collection and Transportation
The transfer of solid waste from the point of use and disposal to the point of treatment or landfill.
Waste collection vehicles or manually

76. Waste Collection and Transportation
Transportation system has to be designed so that it is efficient, yet cost effective.
The system should synchronize with the system of waste storage depot and should be easily maintainable.

77. Waste Loading Types
Manual Loading: In most of the cities/towns there is no synchronization between waste storage depots and transportation of waste. Waste stored in open spaces is either loaded manually or with the help of loaders in traditional trucks.
Manual loading takes time and reduces the productivity of the vehicles and manpower deployed.
Manual handling of waste poses a threat to the health of the sanitation workers as the waste is highly contaminated.

78. Manual Loading

79. Waste Collection Vehicles
Garbage trucks
There are five basic models:
Front loaders
Rear loaders
Side loaders
Pneumatic collection
Grapple trucks

80. Transfer Stations
In large cities where disposal sites are more than 10 km. away from the city boundary and smaller vehicles are used for transportation of waste, it may prove economical to set up transfer stations to save transportation time and fuel provided such cities have a good performance record of vehicle maintenance and adequate facilities to maintain large size vehicles and containers.
A transfer station is a building or processing site for the temporary deposition of waste. Transfer stations are often used as places where local waste collection vehicles will deposit their waste cargo prior to loading into larger vehicles.
These larger vehicles will transport the waste to the end point of disposal in an incinerator, landfill, or hazardous waste facility, or for recycling
In the future, transfer stations could be equipped with material recovery facilities and with localized mechanical biological treatment systems to remove recyclable items from the waste stream.

81. Transfer Station

82. Measures to be taken
Transportation of waste has to be planned scientifically
System of transportation should be such that it can be easily maintained departmentally or through private garages
The system should match with the system adopted for the storage of waste at the waste storage depots.
Manual loading should be discouraged and phased out expeditiously and replaced by direct lifting of containers through hydraulic system or non-hydraulic devices or direct loading of waste into transport vehicles.
Transportation of waste should be done regularly to ensure that the containers /trolleys and dustbin sites are cleared before they start overflowing.

83. Disposal
Disposal of solid waste is done most commonly through a sanitary landfill or through combustion.
In Turkey there are some open dumping sites which are very dangerous.

84. 1993 Ümraniye Open Dumping Explosion
Explosion due to generation of methane
27 dead and 12 missing

85. Sanitary Landfill
Sanitary landfills are sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe.
Sanitary landfills are one of the most popular methods for disposing of waste. This technique for waste management was developed in the 1930s, in response to growing pressures created by a growing population.
It’s goal is accomplished when it has completely degraded biologically, chemically and physically.
In high-income countries, the level of isolation achieved may be high. However, such an expensive high level of isolation may not be technically necessary to protect public health.

86. Sanitary Landfill Requirements
The site for a sanitary landfill needs to be selected with care.
It should be located above the water table, in an area which is not geologically active.
They are generally not located in immediate proximity to residential communities.
The land also must be inexpensive to make the cost of operating the landfill worth it, and it must be accessible to roads so that garbage can be easily delivered.

88. Problems of Sanitary Landfill
One of the biggest problems with a sanitary landfill is the environmental hazard. As materials inside the layers of compacted garbage break down, they generate gases, including methane, which are flammable. Some landfills simply vent these gases, while others actively trap them, using them as fuel.
Landfills also generate leachates, materials which could damage the natural environment if they end up in the water table, making control of leaching critical.

89. Problems of Sanitary Landfills
Incomplete Decomposition: Commonly used plastics resist natural decomposition because of their molecular structure. Microbes can’t digest these compounds.

90. Basic Control Conditions of Landfills
As a minimum, four basic conditions should be met by any site design and operations before it can be regarded as a sanitary landfill:
Full or partial hydrogeological isolation: if a site cannot be located on land which naturally contains leachate security, additional lining materials should be brought to the site to reduce leakage from the base of the site (leachate) and help reduce contamination of groundwater and surrounding soil.
Formal engineering preparations: designs should be developed from local geological and hydrogeological investigations. A waste disposal plan and a final restoration plan should also be developed.
Permanent control: trained staff should be based at the landfill to supervise site preparation and construction, the depositing of waste and the regular operation and maintenance.
Planned waste emplacement and covering: waste should be spread in layers and compacted. A small working area which is covered daily helps make the waste less accessible to pests and vermin.

92. Example Sanitary Landfill

93. From Landfills to playing fields
Some landfills are converted to community places, offices or other complexes for reuse.

94. Combustion
This process is waste reduction not disposal, because after incineration the ash must still be disposed of.

95. Advantages of Combustion
Combustion can reduce the weight of trash by more than 70% and the volume by 90% thus greatly extending the life of a landfill.
No changes needed in trash collection procedures.
Waste to energy.

96. Problems of Combustion
Air pollution and offensive odors as dioxin emmisions (dioxin is highly toxic)
Facilities are expensive to build and their siting can be a problem.
Ash is often loaded with hazardous materials which must be disposed in secure landfills.

97. Question What are the properties of a waste storage site?
Prevent access by unauthorized persons
Be posted as a hazardous waste/recyclables storage area
Have proper equipment to handle emergency situations
Have designated people responsible for the site and able to respond to emergency situations
Be designed and maintained to ensure run-off cannot enter the secondary containment system
Be located away from sewer drains, manholes, drainage courses and standing water

98. Question What are the 2 most common waste disposal methods?
Combustion and Sanitary Landfill

99. Health-care institution solid waste
1. Classification of health-care institution waste
It can be divided into two main categories:
- Regular medical waste (waste generally everything else used in the facility. This might include administrative waste, paper, or food-waste from cafeterias)
- Infectious waste

100. Health Hazards
Health-care workers (particularly nurses) are at greatest risk of virus infections such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B and C, through injuries from contaminated sharps

101. Ex: Ethiopia

102. 3. Sources Medical wastes Surgical and autopsy Laboratory wastes
Infectious solid waste
Domestic wastes
Radioactive wastes

103. Management of health care institution
Waste minimization, recycling, reuse
Handling, storage and transportation of Health Care waste
Treatment and disposal technologies for health-care facility waste

104. COUNTRY REGULATIONS

105. Public Policy and Waste Management
The management of MSW used to be entirely under the control of local governments. In recent years,however, state and federal agencies have played an increasingly important role in waste management, partly through regulation and partly through encouragement and facilitation.

106. Hazardous-waste legistation

107. The Resource Recovery Act of 1970 gave jurisdiction over waste management, encourages the states to develop waste management program.
First attemp by Congress to address the problem was the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965.

108. RESOURCE CONSERVATİON AND RECOVERY ACT
Management of hazardous waste in United States began in 1976 with passage of Resource Conservation and Recovery act (RCRA) – identification of hazardous wastes and their life cycles.
Applies to solid, semisolid, liquid and gaseous hazardous wastes.

109. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CERCLA – act defined policies and procedures for release of hazardous substances into the environment.
Commonly known as Superfund, was enacted by Congress on December 11, 1980.

110. In 1986, Cercla was strengthened by amendments made the following changes:
Improved and tightened standards for disposal and cleanup of hazardous waste(for example, requiring double liners, monitoring landfills)
Banned land disposal of certain hazardous chemicals, including dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs), and most solvents.
Initiated a timetable for phasing out disposal of all untreated liquid hazardous waste in landfills of surface impoundments.
Increased the size of the Superfund. The fund was allocated about $8.5 billion in congress approved another $5.1 billion for fiscal year 1998, which almost doubled the Superfund budget.

111. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was passed in 1970 along with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The main objective of these federal enactments was to assure that the environment be protected against both public and private actions that have resulted in costs or harms inflicted on the ecosystem.

112. The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of gave the EPA greater responsability for setting solid-waste criteria for all hazordous-waste facilities.

113. Other Legistation
Federal legistation has changed the ways in which real estate business is conducted.
The Superfund Amendment and Reasuthorization Act(SARA) of permits a possible defense against such liability, provided the property owner has completed an environmental audit prior to the purchase of the property.
SARA legistation also required that certain industries reort all releases of hazardous materials, and a list of companies releasing hazardous substances became public.

114. In 1990, the U.S. Congress reauthorized hazardous-wastecontrol legistation. Priorities include:
Establishing who is responsable for existing hazardous-waste problems.
When necessary, assisting in or providing funding for cleanup at sites identified as having a hazardous-waste problem.
Providing measures whereby people who suffer damages from the release of hazardous materials compensated.
Improving the required standards for disposal and cleanup of hazardous waste.

115. Integrated Waste Management
Waste Reduction
Ex: Waste Wise, PAYT(Pay-as-you-throw), EPR(extended product responsability)
Waste Disposal Issues
Ex: Solid Waste Interstate Transportation Act
Recycling and Reuse

116. Industrialization and globalization have increased the quantity and quality of goods that are produced and moved around the world mainly through trade. This has led to an increased generation of waste since due to availability; items are discarded with no real attachment or need for repair.

117. E - waste

119. Population vs. Urbanization

120. Key Solid Waste Issues in Developping Countries
Population growth in urban centers
Lack of legistation and policies, long-term planning
Inadequate storage
Lack of proper disposal
Use of inappropriate technology and equipment
Insufficient knowledge of basicprinciples

121. Comparaison of Solid Waste Management by the Level of Income

122. Urban Waste Generation by Income Level

123. Waste Generation by Region
AFR: African Countries
SAR:Special Administrative Region
MENA:Middle East & North Africa
ECA:Europe & Central Asia
LAC:Latin America Countries
EAP:Eastern Partnership
OECD:The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 

124. Waste Generation by Region

125. Regions with low- income countries tend to have low collection rates
Regions with low- income countries tend to have low collection rates. South Asia and Africa are the lowest with 65% and 46% respectively. Not surprisingly, OECD countries tend to have the highest collection efficiency at 98%.

126. Question:
Can you make a comment on the general overview on Turkey’s Waste Management Problem ?
Responding to unlimited human needs on higher levels with the help of technology makes it inevitable for the environment and human health to be faced with serious threats as the natural resources are increasingly destroyed and each product manufactured is finally transformed into waste. In Turkey, waste management has been a subject of legal arrangements since 1930s and municipalities are assigned as the main implementation authority.
According to TURKSTAT data for the year 2004, the quantity of solid waste collected by municipalities is 34 million tons annually.

127. The complete harmonization of the national legislation with EU Acquis and international standards and especially the new arrangements ensuring the implementation of the principles and policies coming from the existing arrangements are needed.

128. Thank you for listening...

129. References
Wright, R. T. (2011). Environmental Science. San Francisco: Pearson Cummings.
Daniel B. Botkin, E. A. (2010). Environmental Science. Asüa: John Wiley & Sons Pte Ltd.