1. Selected Topics first
I want to cover some of the more difficult topics first
If don’t get to all the slides—the entire “lecture” will be posted to the course web site

2. EQUIPMENT
What depreciation methods does the Company use for these assets? What estimated useful lives have been used for these assets in the past? Are depreciation methods the same for book and tax?
For book purposes, a straight-line basis over 5 years for equipment and over 6 years for crew trucks is used. For tax purposes, the client records depreciation using MACRS for the trucks.
The Net Book Value of the trucks exceeds the tax basis at the end of Year 20X3--resulting in a Deferred Tax Liability (long-term) that will soon start “reversing”!

3. LEASED ASSETS
Why has the lease been recorded (capitalized) as an asset of $380,000 and a liability of $380,000?
“GAAP Rule = The lease has been recorded as an asset because SFAS No. 13 requires that leases with terms that exceed 75% of the estimated economic life receive such treatment. (Lease life and building life are both 20 years)
Conceptually = this is “like an installment loan to purchase the assets” with ‘rewards and risks’ of ownership passing to Hydromaint—the leasee
What type of asset is being leased?
Shop and office building

4. LEASED ASSETS
Is the asset being depreciated (amortized)? If so, how and over what period of time? Is the depreciation the same for book and tax? How are deferred taxes impacted?
Yes, the capital lease asset is depreciated on a straight line basis at $19,000 per year over the 20 years.
For tax purposes the leases are operating, so no depreciation is allowed.
Deferred tax ASSET (long-term) created by the temporary difference related to the lease:
the net book value of the capitalized lease (net book value of lease asset less both principal balance on lease obligation and less Accrued Interest Payable) is less than the tax basis (Prepaid Rent) of the lease at the end of 20X3 OR
Depreciation Expense + Interest Expense deductions on Books is GREATER than Rent Expense on Tax Return in Early years of Lease—thus the Government “Owes” Hydromaint some future tax deductions.
This is similar to “Bad Debt Expense”

5. ACCRUED PENSION LIABILITY
Is this the Projected Benefit Obligation (PBO)?
NO, the PBO (and the plan assets) only appears in the note disclosure
How is this “Accrued Pension Liability calculated?
Normally = Cumulative Pension Expense that has been recorded over the years vs. Cumulative Employer Cash Contributions to Plan Trustee
However in Year 3 needed to Increase the recorded “Accrued Pension Liability” amount to get the liability up to the ‘Minimum Pension Liability’ (excess of ABO over plan assets). ABO (Accumulated Benefit Obligation – using existing salary rates – is only used to compute the Minimum Pension Liability

6. DEFERRED PENSION COSTS
How does the client get the amount to record this asset?
This amount is the difference between the Accrued Pension Liability that exists from the “regular” pension entry and the minimum pension liability that must be reported (excess of ABO vs. Fair market value of pension fund assets)
What exactly is this asset? Is it a tangible asset?
This is an intangible asset that represents the future benefit that Hydromaint expects to receive from its employees for the work that they will perform in the future. The increase in the intangible asset (other side of entry to increase Accrued Pension Liability up to amount needed to meet “Minimum Liability Requirement”) is ‘supposedly’ due to not yet funding all the Prior Service Cost. The prior service retirement benefits given to existing employees for their past work is ‘suppose to’ make them ‘happy employees’ and supposedly do ‘good’ work in the future (i.e., = intangible asset).

7. DEFERRED PENSION COSTS
Is this Deferred Pension Costs asset amortized?
No, it is adjusted annually based on the required change needed for the minimum pension liability in the Accrued Pension Liability account.
Are there any book/tax differences related to this asset?
No, per Linda Dirkee the tax treatment is the same as the book treatment

8. DEFERRED TAXES
How is the Deferred Tax Liability or Asset journal entry for the year calculated?
This amount represents the change in the difference between book and tax basis between years multiplied by the tax rate OR
Temporary differences between current year’s tax return revenue and expenses VS. current year’s Income Statement revenue and expenses multiplied by the tax rate
Has the client had any problems recording this liability in the past?
Yes, the client has had problems with tax entries in every year of the engagement.

9. DEFERRED TAXES
What permanent and temporary differences has Hydromaint encountered in the past?
Temporary differences:
accounts receivable (why?)
truck depreciation (why?)
Building lease (why?)
trading securities (why?)
Permanent differences:
dividends received deduction (why?)

10. 20X3 Correcting Entries

11. 20X3 Correcting Entries

12. 20X3 Correcting Entries Accrued Pension Liability (411) 110,000
Pension Expense (604) ,000
Correct Jerry’s entry for employer’s cash contribution.
_______________________________________________________
Pension Expense (604) ,575
Accrued Pension Liability (411) ,575
Record pension expense for year 3.
Deferred Pension Cost (216) ,499
Accrued Pension Liability (411) ,499
Increase Accrued Pension Liability up to need “Minimum
Required Liability” balance of $98,074.

13. 20X3 CORRECTING ENTRIES TAX Entries Current Taxes Payable (312) 23,047
Income Tax Expense (821) ,047
Reverse client’s tax entry
Income Tax Expense (821) 26,646
Current Taxes Payable (312) ,983
Deferred Income Taxes L-T (421) 12,103
Deferred Income Taxes S-T (141) ,560
(See Year Three’s Work Papers OR Correcting Journal Entries for Year 3 for supporting detail of Tax Entries)

14. REVIEW OF YEAR 3 General Questions about our engagement and the client
Review of Balance Sheet
Review of Correcting Entries

15. Questions about Client & CPA Firm
Who are the two principal owners of Hydromaint?
Nick Riley (mechanical engineer)
Ray Ballard (former manager of City Water District)
Other relatives provided “angel capital”
What service does Hydromaint perform?
Provide hydraulic maintenance services on a contract basis to water districts, oil pipe line companies, chemical plants, refineries
Who is the controller?
Jerry Loos (we recommended him—independence issue!)
What is the name of the CPA firm we work for?
Coe & Lane (C&L) St. Louis office of Regional CPA firm.

16. Questions about Client & CPA Firm
Who is the partner on the Hydromaint engagement? How did he ‘get’ this client?
Tom Lockhart (play tennis & racquetball with Nick Riley, and ‘estate’ work)
Who is the “tax” person from our firm who is assigned to Hydromaint?
Linda Dirkee
What level of service are we providing for Hydromaint? Why does client require it?
“REVIEW” through Year 3 (Starting in Year 4 it will be an AUDIT; Why?)
Bank Loan Agreement (to get financing for trucks) requires it
Bank Loan Officer that Hydromaint deals with =
Roger Sontag

17. Questions about Client & CPA Firm
What two procedures does a REVIEW entail?
Inquiries
Analytical Procedures
What are “analytical procedures”? What is an example of an analytical procedure for Hydromaint?
Analytical Procedures = ratio and trend analysis
Compare over time the percentage of Allowance to Total A. R.
What does a REVIEW report look like?
Link to “Boilerplate” Report from SSARS #1

18. Questions about Client & CPA Firm
How would you determine the amount we charged Hydromaint for last year’s Review?
Look in general ledger account #609 SELLING & ADMIN – PROFESSIONAL FEES and find our invoice
Why else might we look at every invoice (even if not ‘material’ in amount in that particular account)?
Find invoices from attorneys the client engaged. We want to be aware of them and what cases they were working on.

19. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE Where do the Company’s receivables come from?
The receivables represent unpaid amounts owed to Hydromaint, Inc. for the rendering of maintenance services. These usually are related to the month-to-month operating agreements.

20. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
What is the correct method of “valuing” Accounts Receivable (i.e., what should the Balance Sheet ‘show’ for Accounts Receivable)?
Net Realizable Value (NRV)
Therefore, which “related” account have we been dealing with because of the VALUATION issue for Hydromaint’s Accounts Receivable?
Adequacy of the allowance for uncollectible accounts
Is there a tax issue related to the Receivables?
YES, Hydromaint uses “Allowance” method of estimating bad debt expense on the ‘books’ but uses the “Direct write-off” method for tax purpose.
Thus, deferred tax asset (current asset) exists because Hydromaint is “entitled to ” future tax deductions

21. INVENTORY What does the client include in this asset classification?
Shop supplies held for use in providing maintenance services.
Pumps and Valves for SALE starting in Year 4
Has the client previously had any problems accounting for this asset in the past?
Yes, in Year 1 the client did not inventory these at year-end and expensed all items purchased.
What is the proper method for “VALUATION” of Inventories?
LCM

22. SUPPLIES
What cost flow assumptions does the client use with respect to this asset?
FIRST IN, FIRST OUT (FIFO)

23. TRADING SECURITIES At what “VALUE” are these securities reported?
Market value under SFAS No. 115 since Hydromaint considers them to be “trading securities”.
Actually they do NOT really appear to meet the requirements for Trading Securities classification. More likely they really belong in the “Available for Sale” classification.
What are the similarities and differences between the accounting for the Trading Securities vs. the Available for Sale Securities?
Both have asset value “marked to market”
Trading Securities = unrealized gain/loss through Income Statement
Available for Sale Securities:
Unrealized gain/loss NOT included on Income Statement
Unrealized gain/loss directly to Stockholders’ Equity on Balance Sheet (and also considered part of “Comprehensive Income”)

24. EQUIPMENT
What types of equipment has the Company recorded on its books?
Shop Equipment, Trucks and related improvements
What problem has the client had in the past with recording the proper amounts in this asset category?
Hydromaint has previously incorrectly expensed as Repair and Maintenance Expense costs of $30,000 that should have been capitalized as an asset.
World Com did just the opposite
Auditors frequently test large amounts in both Asset & R&M Expense accounts looking for improper capitalization of costs

25. LICENSING COSTS What is this asset?
Licensing fees incurred in 20X1 to obtain certain equipment usage rights.
Is this asset depreciated? If so over what period of time?
The asset is amortized over 5 years on a straight line basis.
Are there any book/tax differences related to this asset?
No, the treatment is the same for both book and tax.

26. ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
What types of liabilities does the client include in this liability class?
Principally, payables incurred for the acquisition of maintenance supplies inventory.
Remember for the Direct Method of Calculating Cash from Operations: The Cash Paid to Vendors = Cost of Services Expense +/- Change in Inventory +/- Change in Accounts Payable

27. UNEARNED CONTRACT REVENUE
What comprises this financial statement liability?
The amount represents cash collected in advance on maintenance agreements for which future services must be rendered.
Why is the amount constant between 20X2 and 20X3?
The amount is the same because all contracts with advance payments remained the same between the two years.

28. INCOME TAX PAYABLE
What does this $6,041 liability actually represent? Is it the total tax liability due this year?
It is the current tax liability due and unpaid in the current year. It is the beginning balance of $1,210 plus the $12,983 increase for the year (per our tax entry) minus the $8,152 cash payment made during the year.
Has the firm had any problems properly recording the income tax payable in the past?
Yes. The client has needed assistance every year in recording tax expense and the related assets and liabilities correctly.

29. SHORT-TERM PORTION OF LONG TERM DEBT
What liabilities does this category include?
Principal payments for the bank note and the capital lease that are due in the next 12 months. The current amount is $55,534 ($87,384 - $31,850 interest) for the bank note and $6,503 ($41,000 - $34,497 interest) for the capital lease.

30. INTEREST PAYABLE Why is this classification necessary?
This account is necessary to record the amount of interest that is due but unpaid at the end of the fiscal year. Recording accruals reflects the application of the matching principle.
What liabilities does the category include?
The bank note ($29,196 for 11 months) and the capital lease ($20,123 for 7 months).

31. NOTE PAYABLE To whom does the Company owe this money and why?
Midwest National Bank – loan to purchase Trucks
What are the terms and covenants of the loan agreement?
Five Annual payment of $87,384 beginning Feb. 1, 20X3 (ordinary annuity)
Annual financial statements must be reviewed by a CPA.
Dividends may not be distributed unless earnings exceed five times interest.
Loans may not be made to either Mr. Ballard or Mr. Riley.
Salary increases for either Mr. Ballard or Mr. Riley must be approved by the bank.
(WHY the last three loan covenants?)

32. CAPITAL LEASE LIABILITY
To whom does the Company owe this money?
The property lessor.
What are the terms and covenants?
There are no covenants, but the lease calls for annual payments of $41,000 for 20 years beginning on 6/1/X3 (annuity due)
Are there any tax issues related to this debt?
Yes. As previously noted, the lease is capitalized for book purposes, but not for tax purposes. This results in a temporary difference.

33. OTHER QUESTIONS
What were the major accounting issues confronted by you during Hydromaint’s first three years?
Accounting for Contingencies (Bad Debts)
Trading securities
Accounting for investments
Lease Capitalization
Interest capitalization
Temporary differences for PP&E and lease capitalization
Bank debt and related covenants
Pensions
Contract revenue recognition
(ALL OF THESE TOPICS YOU “LEARNED” BY ENCOUNTERING THEM IN A REAL-WORLD CONTEXT—NOT THE TRADITIONAL ‘LECTURE’.
THE LEARNING PROCESS SHOULD SERVE YOU WELL IN THE FUTURE!)