1. Position and Motion

2. What is motion?
An object is in motion if its position changes relative to a reference point
Reference point: place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion

3. Motion is Relative
Motion is relative – it depends on where the reference point is
You may not be moving according to one reference point, but you may be moving according to another.
Carousel – page 6

4. Practice Problems
Jane is sitting in the family car. Her mother is driving her from their house to the library. Jane waves as she passes her friend Marina. Which of the following is not moving with respect to Jane?
Marina
The family car
The library
Jane’s house

5. Practice Problems
What is the best reference point for describing the motion of planets around the solar system?
What is the best reference point for describing the motion of the moon around the Earth?

6. Exploring Reference Points
The reference point determines if the object seems to be still or be in motion. Ex: a crow is flying along carrying a ball. Suddenly, the crow accidentally drops the ball and watches it fall. A person is standing on the ground watching the crow and the ball.

7. Exploring Reference Points
If the crow is the reference point, in what direction is the ball falling?
If the woman is the reference point, in what direction is the ball falling?

8. Question to think about
You are standing at your locker and your friend is walking towards.
The next day, you see your friend walking towards you and you decide to start walking towards him too. To you, (as the reference point) does he seem to moving slower or faster than yesterday?

9. Question to think about
You are standing outside of school on the turnpike waiting for your ride home. The speed limit on the turnpike is 35 mi/hr. How fast are the cars moving passed you?
Now you are in the car driving down the road (at the speed limit, of course) and you are passing cars along the way. How fast is YOUR car moving in relation to you? How fast are the other cars moving passed you?

10. Which objects are in motion?
Two trucks are heading towards each other, and there is a person standing still in between. Truck #1 is travelling at 30 mi/hr in the direction shown. Truck #2 is travelling at 20 mi/hr in the direction shown.
According to the person, how fast are trucks 1 and 2 moving?
According to truck 1, how fast is the person and truck 2 moving?
According to truck 2, how fast is the person and truck 1 moving?

11. Enriched Problem – try with a partner
CC Sabathia throws a 90 mi/hr fast ball.
CC is standing at the back of the Yankees bus that is traveling 60 mi/hr down the highway (going to beat the Red Sox).
CC decides to begin warming up and throws a pitch from the back to the front of the bus.
Brett Gardner, another Yankee, sees CC’s pitch as being how fast?
If a fan standing on the side of the road saw CC’s pitch, how fast would they see it?

12. Distance, Speed, and Time

13. What is speed?
The speed of an object is the distance the object moves per unit of time (it is a type of rate)

14. How to calculate speed
Speed is equal to the distance the object travels, divided by the amount of time it takes to travel that distance.
Speed = distance ÷ time

15. Steps to solve speed problems
Read the entire problem
Write down what you are given (speed, distance, time)
Write down what you need to find out (speed, distance, time)
Draw the triangle
Cover the part of the triangle that you are looking for
Divide or multiply to solve the problem
Write your answer with the correct units!

16. Understanding the meaning of rates
If a car is driving 10 miles per hour, how far has the car gone in one hour?
If an airplane flies at 260 meters per second, how far has the plane gone in one second?

17. Speed problems
A swimmer swam 6 km in 0.2 hours. What was the swimmer’s speed?
A runner ran a 26 mile marathon in 5 hours. What was the runner’s speed?
A police car chased a truck for 30 miles and it took 20 minutes. How fast was the police officer going?

18. A bit more difficult…
Odell Beckham Jr. runs at a speed of 7 km/hr. How long would it take him to run 400 kilometers assuming he does not get tired and slow down.
McKayla Maroney (Olympic gymnast) runs 60 ft. at a speed of 15 ft/sec. How long does it take her to get to the vault?

19. Even more difficult…
A train leaves NYC and begins traveling 3,000 miles to L.A. The train drives at a constant speed of 80 mi/hr without stopping along the way. If the train leaves at 1 a.m. (eastern time), what time will is arrive in L.A. (eastern time)?
After arriving in L.A., the train drops off passengers and begins traveling to Austin Texas. The train keeps the same speed (80mi/hr) and travels for 17.5 hours until it reaches its destination. How far is Austin from L.A.?

20. Now, create your own problems!

21. Velocity

22. What is velocity?
The velocity of an object is the objects speed in a given direction.
Ex:
Speed
The car is moving at 40 miles/hour
The girl is running at a speed of 5 km/hour
Velocity
The car is moving north at a speed of 40 miles/hour
The storm is moving 25km/hr eastward

23. How to calculate velocity
Velocity is equal to the distance the object travels, divided by the amount of time it takes to travel that distance in a certain direction
Velocity = distance ÷ time (in a certain direction)
Solve same way you would solve speed problems (using velocity = to speed) and including direction in your answer!

24. Practice Problems
A flock of birds are flying 300 miles south for winter. It takes them 12.5 hours to reach their winter home. What is the speed of the flock of birds? What is the velocity of the flock or birds?

25. Try to solve these with a partner
Amber walked to talk to her friend Maria on her way to the pool. Amber walked 400 meters westward for four minutes until she met up with Maria.
After talking with Maria for 3 minutes, Amber continued walking another 400 meters westward towards the pool for six more minutes.
Identify all of the following:
How far did Amber travel in total?
How long did it take Amber to get to the pool?
What was Amber’s velocity during each portion of the trip?

26. Let’s think back to this problem
CC Sabathia throws a 90 mi/hr fast ball.
CC is standing at the back of the Yankees bus that is traveling north 60 mi/hr down the highway (going to beat the Red Sox).
CC decides to begin warming up and throws a pitch from the back to the front of the bus.
A fan standing on the side of the road saw CC’s pitch and clocked it as how fast? What was the velocity of his pitch?

27. Let’s go a bit more in depth…
The fan clocked CC’s pitch as traveling 150 mi/hr.
Now, CC decided to stand in the front of the bus and throw towards the back so he would not distract the driver. The bus is till traveling north at 60 mi/hr and CC’s arm has yet to get tired (still throwing 90 mi/hr). Now what speed would the fan on the side of the road see? What would the velocity be?

28. More practice
Car A travels EAST at an average speed of 20 miles per hour for 3 hours and then stops. Car B travels WEST at an average speed of 50 miles per hour for 2 hours and then stops. Both cars start from the same place. How far apart are the cars?
Two tigers are hunting deer. The tigers start from the same place, but run in OPPOSITE directions to catch their own deer. Tiger #1 runs at an average speed of 30 miles per hour for 1 hour to track down his deer. Tiger #2 runs at an average speed of 20 miles per hour for 1 hour to catch its deer. How far apart are the tigers eating?

29. Now try creating your own problems!

30. Acceleration

31. What is acceleration?
Acceleration – the rate at which velocity changes
Refers to an increase in speed, a decrease in speed (deceleration), or a change in direction
Note: a change in direction = a change in velocity

32. Calculating acceleration
Acceleration is the change in speed per unit of time.
Acceleration = (final speed – initial speed) ÷ time
Acceleration = (24m/s – 0m/s) ÷ (3 sec)
Acceleration of the plane = 8 m/s^2

33. Practice
A racecar travels at 20 feet per second while they clear the track of an accident. When the race resumes, the car speeds up to 100 feet per second in exactly 5 seconds. What is the acceleration of the car?

34. More Practice (watch your units!)
A car advertisement says its car can go from a speed of zero to 80 miles per hour in a time of .001 hr! What is the acceleration of that car?
Rock’N’ Rollercoaster in Disney World claims to go from 0 to mi/s in 2.8 seconds. What is the acceleration of the rollercoaster?

35. Trip to the Cayman Islands
You are taking a trip to the Cayman Islands. The airplane starts from rest (0 m/s) and speeds up to 65 m/s in 8 seconds. What is the plane’s acceleration?
After a long flight, you are about to land on Grand Cayman! The plane is traveling at a speed of 72 m/s and safely lands and stops in 8.6 seconds. What is the deceleration of the plane?

36. Trip to the Cayman Islands
While on Grand Cayman, you and your family decide to go to an amusement park! You go on a rollercoaster that twists, turns, and flips.
The rollercoaster increases to .016 mi/s in just 3 seconds. What is the acceleration of the rollercoaster?
The rollercoaster stays at .016 mi/s throughout the entire ride until it is over. It takes 5.2 seconds to come to a complete stop. What is the deceleration of the rollercoaster?

37. This may be tricky…
Your rollercoaster accelerates to 57 mi/hr (at the beginning of the ride) and then continues at a constant speed. Does it accelerate in any way prior to the ride ending? Why or why not?

38. Now create your own problems!

39. Forces

40. What is a force? Force: a push or pull on an object
Includes strength and direction (like velocity)
The SI unit used to measure force = newton (N)

41. Net Forces Net Force: combination of all forces acting on an object
Determines if and how
an object will accelerate

42. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
Will NOT cause change in an object’s motion
Forces “cancel” each other out
Net force = 0
Will cause change in an object’s motion
Forces DO NOT “cancel” out
Net force ≠ 0

43. Free Body Diagrams (FBD)
Draw a box to for the object
Add arrows (for direction) with strength of all forces acting on object

44. Let’s Try This Together
Two dogs are pushing against their box of food. Using the picture to the right, draw a free body diagram. Then, determine the net force acting on the box of food.

45. Try these with a partner
Mrs. K’s car got stuck in the snow last week. When trying to get it out, she exerted a 23 N force on her car towards the left but it wouldn’t budge. Her husband started to help her and exerted an additional 27 N force towards the left on her car. Draw a FBD and determine the force it took the move Mrs. K’s car out from the snow.
Mrs. Kopacz pulls on her dog’s leash to the right with an 18 N force. Her dog pulls to the left with a 8 N force. Draw a FBD and then determine the net force on the leash.

46. Individual practice
Mrs. Kopacz and Miss Aquino were playing tug o’ war over the weekend. Mrs. K pulled to the left with a 20 N force. Mrs. Aquino pulled to the right with a 23 N force. Draw a FBD and determine the net force acting on the rope. Who won tug o’ war? How do you know?

47. Inertia

48. What is Inertia? Inertia – resistance to change in motion
Inertia depends on mass: more mass = more inertia = more force needed to move it

49. Examples of Inertia

50. Newton’s Laws of Motion

51. Newton’s First Law of Motion
Law of Inertia
An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an outside force
An object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force

52. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
An object’s acceleration depends on its mass and the net force acting on it
Force = mass x acceleration

53. Calculating Force
F = ma
You can use the triangle!
A 10 kg box accelerated up the hill at 2 m/s². What force is exerted on the box?
A 15 kg box is slid across the floor with an acceleration of 3m/s². What force is needed for this motion?

54. Try to create your own force word problems!
Then, trade with a partner and solve.

55. Newton’s Third Law of Motion
If one object exerts a force on another object, then the second object exerts a force of equal strength in the opposite direction on the first object.
Many sports (including gymnastics) exemplify this law

56. Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion
While driving down the road, a firefly strikes the windshield of a bus and makes a quite obvious mess in front of the face of the driver. This is a clear case of Newton's third law of motion. The firefly hit the bus and the bus hits the firefly. Which of the two forces is greater: the force on the firefly or the force on the bus?

57. Energy

58. Energy: The ability to do work or cause change
What is energy?
Energy: The ability to do work or cause change
Units = Joules ( J)
Energy Video

59. Two Main Types of Energy
Potential
Kinetic
Energy an object has due to its position
Gravitational and elastic
Energy an object has due to its motion
Depends on speed and mass of object

61. What is Mechanical Energy?
Mechanical Energy – combination of kinetic and potential energy

62. Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy is transformed (changed) into another form of energy – no energy is lost in a process

63. Law of Conservation of Energy
Look at the rollercoaster on pgs 124 and 125 in your textbooks. With your shoulder partner, answer numbers 1, 2, and 3.
I wish we could do this in class!

64. Who caught on?
Since we have been talking about energy and the law of conservation, who caught on to why / how rollercoasters stop?
Let’s watch this again and see if we notice.

65. Waves and light
Sections 1.1 and 1.2

66. WAVES Wave: a disturbance that transfers energy from place to place
Most waves need to travel through a medium
Medium: material through which a wave travels through (ex. water, air)

67. Types of Waves
Transverse
Longitudinal

68. Transverse waves: medium particles move across (up & down) the direction of the wave
Crest: high point of wave
Trough: low point of wave
A water wave is an example of a transverse wave. As water particles move up and down, the water wave itself appears to move to the right or left

69. 2. Longitudinal waves: medium particles move back and forth in the same direction in which the wave travels
-Coils move forward and then back
Energy travels from one end of the spring to the other creating a wave
-After the wave passes,
each coil returns to the
position where it started

70. Comparison of Waves
We will mainly discuss transverse waves

71. Properties of transverse Waves
- Crest = Top of the wave
- Trough = Bottom of the wave
- Wavelength = The length of a complete wave from
crest-to-crest or trough-to-trough
- Amplitude = Height of the wave from equilibrium

72. Why does this matter? A smaller wavelength = higher energy
Frequency: amount of waves per second
Waves on the electromagnetic spectrum all have DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES

73. Electromagnetic spectrum
Section 3.2

74. Rattlesnakes May Inject Venum Under eXtreme aGitation

75. How can we tell them apart?
DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES
We can only see VISIBLE LIGHT

76. Visible light
Section 4.1

77. Visible light

78. Wavelength and frequency of each color

79. Vocabulary to know
Transparent: material that allows most or ALL light to pass through (clear)
Translucent: material that allows SOME light to pass through (clear colored)
Opaque: material that does NOT allow ANY light to pass through (all light is reflected or absorbed)

80. Colored light

81. rainbows
White light is not a single color; it is made up of a mixture of the seven colors of the rainbow.
We can demonstrate this by splitting white light with a prism:
How do you think rainbows are formed?

82. Reflection and refraction
Sections 4.2 and 4.3

83. How we see colors
The colors that we see are REFLECTED off of the object – all other colors are ABSORBED
Ex: a shirt appears light blue (reflects blue)
The shirt absorbs other colors
EX: a shirt appears white (reflects white)

84. reflection Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface
Light rays reflected in a mirror cause an inverted image

85. refraction
Refraction occurs when light BENDS as it crosses through material

86. What does refraction looks like

87. Lenses and mirrors
Sections 4.2 – 4.4

88. View kacleaveland's map
Taken in a place with no name (See more photos or videos here)
View kacleaveland's map
"Have you ever approached a giant concave mirror? See your upside-down image suspended in mid-air. Walk through the image to see a new reflection, right-side-up and greatly magnified. In the background you see reflected a room full of visitors enjoying other
Concave Mirrors
Curves inward
Images look bigger

89. Convex Mirrors Curves outward Images look smaller
Use: Rear view mirrors, store security…
CAUTION! Objects are closer than they appear!

90. Concave Lenses
Lenses that are thicker at the edges and thinner in the center.
Images look smaller

91. Convex Lenses
Thicker in the center than edges.
Images look bigger

92. The Human Eye
The human eye is a complex structure with many parts that allow you to see. Use the words in the word bank to identify the parts of the eye.

93. Electricity and Electromagnetism

94. Review of Charge Protons = Positive Charge Electrons = Negative Charge
Opposites Attract
Like Charges Repel

95. What is electricity?
Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge.
Electricity is a form of energy.
Electricity is the flow of electrons.

96. Static Electricity Transfer of charge from one object to another
Rubbing your feet against the carpet
Rubbing a balloon against a sweater

97. Lightning – Ultimate Static Discharge
Thunderstorms have violent air currents
Water drops rub up against ice crystals
One area of the cloud becomes negative
One area of the cloud becomes positive
Result: STATIC DISCHARGE
If the bottom of the cloud gets enough of a negative charge, discharge can go from cloud to ground

99. How does electricity get to your home?
Electromagnetism
How does electricity get to your home?

100. Electromagnet Electricity in a wire produces a magnetic field
If a piece of iron is wrapped around the wire, the iron becomes a temporary magnet
Disconnect the power
The magnetic field stops
The iron loses magnetism quickly

101. AC/DC Electricity from generators are “Alternating Current”
It flows in two directions over and over again
Power in your house is alternating current
You can change ‘AC’ into ‘DC’
Battery power is “Direct Current”
It flows in one direction
From one side of the battery to the other

102. Transformers (NOT Robots in Disguise)
When electricity leaves a generator, it needs a huge push to get to your house (Hundreds of miles away)
Step-Up Transformer
The voltage is high, but it can only push so hard. The force needs to be increased if it is going to get from Niagara Falls to you.

103. Step-Down Transformer
The electricity gets to the sub- station near your home.
It doesn’t need a big push anymore because it has a shorter distance to go
Too much push from such a short distance could be too much for your house to handle (120 volts)
Step-Down Transformer

104. Electrical Circuits
In order for electricity to go from one place to another, you need a “circuit”
Electrical Circuit – A complete, unbroken path that electricity can flow from one place to another

105. What are circuits made of?
Conductors – A material through which electric current can pass easily
Examples:
Any metal (especially copper)
Water
Insulators – A material through which electricity cannot pass
Used to cover wires so they can be handled
Rubber
Plastic

106. Circuit Terminology
Current = The amount of electrons flowing in a wire
Voltage = The force that pushes electrons through a wire
The stronger the force, the more current gets pushed through the wire
Resistance = The force that reduces current in a wire.
The stronger the resistance, the smaller the amount of current

107. Circuit Terminology Current = amperes (amps) (A) Voltage = volts (V)
Resistance = Ohms (Ω)

108. Batteries Provide Voltage Filled with electrons
Electrons are attracted to the positive terminal

109. Ohm’s Law
Current = Voltage divided by Resistance

110. Practice Problems
What is the current in a 1.5 Volt circuit that has a resistance of 3 Ohms?
There is a current of .25 Amps in a circuit that has a voltage of 4.5 Volts. What is the resistance in this circuit?
A circuit has a resistance of 6 Ohms and .5 Amps of current. What is the voltage of this circuit?

111. Series Circuit
There is only ONE path for the electrons to get to the positive terminal

112. Parallel Circuit
More than one way to get to the positive terminal

113. Calculate Power
Power: rate at which energy transforms from one form to another
Power = voltage x current
Power (kW)
Voltage (V)
Current (Amps)

114. Paying for Electricity
You pay for energy used, not power!
Energy = power x time
Energy (kWh)
Power (kW)
Time (h)
When figuring out payments for electricity, find power, and then find energy used.