2. Cell
Tissue
Organ
Body System

3. Your body is made up of billions of cells ( basic unit of living things)
Groups of cells working together are tissues
A group of tissues working together are organs
Organs all have specific jobs (heart is to pump blood, but can the heart get blood to all other body parts by itself?)
A group of organs working together to complete a task is a body system

5. Body systems play different roles in the body, but work together to maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body’s internal conditions are at a stable state
Example: Needing more oxygen during exercise. Which two systems work together to provide it?
Example: Running. Which two systems work together to provide it?

6. Perform a skit where characters are different organs
Perform a skit where characters are different organs. Discuss and demonstrate in your skit what happens as a person begins to exercise.

7. All of the body systems are IMPORTANT
If one does not work properly, then it affects the others
Body systems are dependent on each other, so it is important to take care/ protect each system

9. Bone
Bone Marrow
Joint
Skeletal System
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons

10. A bone is an organ in the skeletal system
Skeletal system is an internal system made up of bones, joints, and connective tissue
A bone is an organ in the skeletal system
There are 206 bones in the body
Functions of bones:
Bones are hard because they store minerals- Calcium and phosphorus, for use when the body needs it- mineral that maker bones strong and healthy
They protect soft organs- Provide framework around internal organs
Support the body- Vertebrae has 24 bones, supporting head, neck, and protect spinal cord
Allow movement- muscles pull on bones to move
Form new blood cells- Inside the bones are bone marrow (soft tissue) that makes blood cells for the body

11. Joints are a place where two or more bones meet
Bones are held together at joints by tissues called ligaments- help hold bones in place
Joints allow the body to move in controlled ways
Tissues called tendons attach muscle to bones –Achilles tendon
When muscles move, they cause bones to move too

12. Hinge joints -One direction movement only
Gliding joints - Enable bones to slide over one another
Pivot joint- Moves side to side, up and down, but for limited rotation
Ball and socket joint - Move in all directions, allowing rotation

14. Ligaments- connect bones to joints
Tendons- attach muscle to bones
Cartilage- strong, flexible tissue that
provides cushioning at your joints

16. Fractures- break in a bone
Dislocations- bone pushed out of joint
Sprains- stretching or twisting a ligament
Osteoarthritis- breakdown of cartilage, causing stiffness and swelling
Scoliosis- sideways curvature in spine
Osteoporosis- condition of brittle and porous bones (long term deficiencies in calcium,
Vitamin D and lack of exercise)

18. Be physically active- walking and jogging increase bone mass
Eat foods high in calcium and phosphorus- Dairy products, liver, beans, and whole grains
Sit, stand, and walk in straight posture- keeps spine healthy and protects spinal cord
Pay attention to your shoes- Should have correct arch support and should be able to wiggle toes, this provides support of bones in your feet

19. List three parts of the skeletal system and give a brief description of each.

21. Group of structures that make your body parts move
Most important muscle: the heart

22. Anyone ever worn a cast? How did your muscles feel when you got your cast off? Anyone started working out? How did your muscles feel when you started working out? DRAW a conclusion about muscle strength.

23. Cardiac- muscle that forms the heart
Smooth- forms some internal organs
Skeletal- muscle attached to bones

25. When muscles contract they pull two ends toward center
If the two ends are attached to bones, they are pulled too
Most body movements require effort from two muscles or muscle groups

26. Work in pairs to select a specific muscle that might cramp and what are good stretches to relive that cramp.

27. Perform stretches on page 374 in book

28. A pulled or torn muscle- torn away from bone or damaged
Muscle strain- soreness developed by overuse
Cramped muscle- remains contracted instead of extending
Muscular dystrophy-disorder inherited, causing gradual weakening

29. Engage in regular physical activity
Warm up before physical activity
Eat foods containing carbohydrates and protein
Maintain a healthy weight
Learn to lift properly

30. Heart, blood vessels, stomach, intestines, and toes
Heart, blood vessels, stomach, intestines, and toes. Identify the type of muscle tissue that is associated with each one. Heart, blood Vessels, stomach, intestines, toes.

32. Digestion is the changing of food you can eat into substances the body can use
Digestive system- is an organ system that converts food to a form useful for the body
Digestion frees nutrients so they can be used by the body
Nutrients are substances that the body needs to work properly
Cells use nutrients to grow, repair themselves, and get energy

33. Digestion begins in the mouth
Teeth cut and grind food while saliva moistens it
Saliva ( fluid produced by salivary glands) is 99% water
Passes through pharynx and esophagus
It enters the stomach- collected and churned like a food processor
Goes to small intestine- coiled 20 foot long tube, where it absorbs most nutrients, which are used by the body for growth, energy, and repair. Digestion is completed here
Food then enters large intestine and then excreted through the anus

35. Liver- a large gland where many digestive functions occur
Liver- a large gland where many digestive functions occur. Produces bile to get rid of fats
Gallbladder- small saclike organ that stores bile
Pancreas- organ that produces enzymes that assist in digestion. Releases enzymes directly into the small intestine
Kidneys- Blood carries waste to kidneys, who mix it with water and excrete it as urine
Sweat glands remove salt and water from body
Lungs remove carbon dioxide from body

37. Find the surface area of clay.
Cut the clay into 4 smaller pieces.
Measure the surface area of each of the cubes.
Compare the surface area of the smaller pieces to the big piece.

39. A system that removes waste from the body

40. Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body
Remains that cannot digest pass to the colon- large intestine
The lining of the colon absorbs most liquid forms of undigested material
The solids are deposited as feces
When the colon is full it sends a message to the brain to contract and push out the feces from the anus

42. The small intestine is 20 ft long and spends about 4 hours there.
How many feet does it travel an hour?
The large intestine is about 5 feet long. Food spends about hours there.
What speed does food move through the large intestine?
How much faster does food travel through the small intestine that through the large intestine?
Why is it important to drink plenty of water?

43. Indigestion- uncomfortable feeling in stomach from eating to quickly or too much
Diarrhea- watery feces-may be caused by bacteria in food
Ulcers- sores on interior stomach or small intestine
Cirrhosis-destruction of liver
Gallstones- mineral crystals on gallbladder, block passage of bile
Kidney stones-like gallstones but block passage of urine
Appendicitis- inflammation of appendix
Hemorrhoids-swelling of veins at the opening of the anus
Colon cancer –growth of abnormal cells in the colon

44. Eat a variety of foods- low-fat and high-fiber foods
Eat complete meals- eating breakfast is extremely important
Do not rush meals
Chew food thoroughly- do not wash big pieces down with a drink
Drink plenty of water- 6 to 8 glasses a day of 8 ounces of water
See your dentist regularly

45. What have you learned about the Digestive and Excretory systems?

47. Organs and tissues that transport essential materials to the body cells and remove their waste products

48. Made up of plasma, platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells
Plasma is liquid where the body cells absorb water
Platelets help form clots where there is injury in a blood vessel
White blood cells fight off infection

49. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body
Blood moves through blood vessels
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart are veins
Capillaries carry blood between veins and arteries

50. Pulmonary circulation- flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Systematic circulation- flow of blood to all the body tissues except the lungs

52. Contracts and pumps blood through blood vessels
Heart (with 4 chambers)
Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs, where it exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen
Blood flows into the left atrium
It pumps blood to the left ventricle
The left ventricle pumps to the entire body
The body absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
Then it flows to the right atrium
Right atrium pumps it to the right ventricle

53. Squeeze a tennis ball 70 times in a minute
Squeeze a tennis ball 70 times in a minute. This is the same force that heart needs to pump blood, and it does it 70 times a minute.

54. Act out the path of blood through the body
Act out the path of blood through the body. I need seven volunteers ( right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, lungs, body part, and blood). Students sitting down need to tell me when oxygen is being gained or lost.

55. Act out the path of blood through the body. I need seven volunteers
Act out the path of blood through the body. I need seven volunteers. Students sitting down need to tell me when oxygen is being gained or lost.

56. Hypertension- blood pressure is consistently higher than normal
Stroke- results from blood clots that block vessels to brain or rupture of one
Heart Attack- blockage of the flow of blood to the heart
Arteriosclerosis- arteries harden, reducing the amount of blood that can flow through them

57. Anemia- abnormally low level of hemoglobin, protein that binds to oxygen in red blood cells
Leukemia- disease where extra white blood cells are produced
Hemophilia- disease where plasma does not contain substances to block or clot

58. Limit fat in your foods- can deposit on artery walls, narrowing them and increasing blood pressure
Get regular physical activity- strengthens heart muscles, allowing it to pump more blood with each beat
Avoid tobacco- tobacco contains nicotine, which narrows arteries, requiring higher blood pressure
Manage stress- under stress the body secretes adrenaline, which increases blood pressure

59. A. Provide each student or group of students with a cup of flour, one-fourth cup of salt, and one-half cup of hot tap water. Stir these ingredients together with a spoon until a ball forms. Check for desired consistency. If dough is too sticky, add more flour. If dough is too dry and more hot tap water.
B. With this ball of salt dough, the student(s) mold a human heart shaped model. Complete with aorta, superior vena cava, and inferior vena cava. Models will require several hours to dry.
C. After the model dries, the student(s) labels the four chambers: right and left atria, and right and left ventricles, and the major veins and artery.
D. Have the students to explain their models.

60. Draw the path of blood through the four chambers, lungs, and body.

62. Supply oxygen to blood
Remove carbon dioxide from the blood and release it outside the body
Air enters through the mouth and nose
Travels to pharynx
Moves from the throat to the larynx or voice box
Then to the trachea- a pipe that carries air deep into the body
Then it splits into two branches at the bronchi
Carries to the lungs- sponge-like organ that allows gases to pass between blood and air
Your diaphragm separates the lungs from the abdomen

64. The air you exhale contains more carbon dioxide and less oxygen than what you inhale
Air is exchanged at the alveoli, microscopic air sacs in the lungs, to oxygen

65. Moving air in and out of the lungs- breathing
Air entering the lungs is inhalation
Air leaving the lungs is exhalation
Inhalation occurs when the diaphragm contracts and rib cage expands

67. Influenza- colds caused by viruses
Bronchitis- swelling of the bronchi due to infection
Allergies- immune responses to foreign substances
Asthma-inflammatory disease causing the bronchi to become narrowed or blocked
Pneumonia- lung infection caused by viruses or bacteria
Emphysema- disease where alveoli becomes damaged or destroyed
Tuberculosis-bacterial lung infection
Lung Cancer- disease where lung tissue are destroyed by the growth of a tumor

68. Stay active
Avoid smoking and second hand smoke
Avoid polluted air
Reduce your risk of respiratory infection- wash hands regularly with soap and water and avoid touching your nose and mouth

69. Explain the breathing process.

71. Specialized cells make up nervous system are neurons
Neurons carry information
Controls all body activities
Two types of neurons: sensory- send message to spinal cord and motor- receive messages from the brain and stimulate muscles to respond

72. Major organ is the brain
Movement, memory, learning, speaking, and the five senses are controlled by the brain
Brain is attached to the spinal cord-carries messages to and from the brain
Messages travel through nerves- bundles of cells that conduct messages from one part of the body to another
There are two main parts of the Nervous Systems:
Central Nervous System (CNS)- brain and spinal cord
Controls voluntary (walking) and involuntary (heart beating) actions
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- nerves that connect the CNS to all parts of the body
Somatic system (actions controlled) and autonomic actions( actions don’t control) breathing

73. Head injury- caused by a blow to the head or violent jarring of the head
Spinal cord injury- can result from damage of head, neck, or spine
Nerve inflammation- follow a minor injury

74. Get enough sleep
Avoid alcohol and other drugs
Play safely
Wear a seat belt
Obey all traffic rules

75. What are the parts of the Nervous System and their functions?

77. A chemical communication system that regulates many body functions
A gland is a group of cells, or an organ that secretes a chemical substance
They are secreted into the bloodstream

78. Endocrine glands take signals from the brain or other glands
The brain receives chemical and electrical messages from the body to the presence of substances in the blood
The pituitary gland signals other glands to produce hormones when needed

79. When you stress your palms get sweaty and heart beats fast
Your adrenal glands respond by releasing adrenaline-which prepares your body to respond to stress
Heart rate and blood flow increase
Blood sugar levels and blood pressure rises
Air passages expand and sweat production increases
Other body parts slow to conserve energy ( digestive system)
When the stressful stimulus withdraws, the body returns to normal state

80. Diabetes mellitus- caused by inadequate insulin production
Overactive thyroid- swelling in neck
Underactive thyroid- dull facial expressions
Growth extremes- abnormal amounts of growth hormones

81. Eat balanced meals
Get enough sleep- period of reduced awareness where body slows down
Engage in regular physical activity
Keep things in perspective
Have regular medical check-ups

82. “keeping things in perspective” Why is this hard for teens
“keeping things in perspective” Why is this hard for teens? How can you help someone from getting upset about minor issues? How can adults help?

83. Name a gland of the endocrine system and tell its function.

85. Male reproductive cells are called sperm
Males produce sperm at puberty- age 12-15
Sperm is produced in testes and mature in the epididymis
Travel through vas deferens where they are mixed with seminal fluid
The mixture is called semen
Muscular contractions force semen though the urethra and out the body called ejaculation

86. Sterility- inability to produce healthy sperm to reproduce
Enlarged prostate gland- associated with aging
Sexually transmitted Diseases- infections spread during sexual contact
Cancer- uncontrolled cell growth that destroys healthy tissue

88. Practice of self-examination- check for lumps
Bathe regularly- ensure cleanliness
Avoid wearing tight underwear- wear protective cup
Practice Abstinence- until married

89. Most females begin menstruation between 9-16
The Menstrual Cycle
As a female reaches puberty, hormones cause eggs to mature in the ovary
Ovulation is the release of one mature egg each month
The uterus thickens in preparation to receive and begin to nourish a fertilized egg
If fertilization does not occur, then the lining is broken down and expelled
The flow of the lining out of the body is menstruation
Most females begin menstruation between 9-16
The times of ovulation may vary and degree of cramps and fatigue may vary, NO CONCERN

91. Premenstrual Cycle- physical and emotional changes before and during menstruation
Toxic Shock Syndrome- bacterial infection associated with incorrect use of tampons
Infertility-inability to reproduce
Ovarian cysts- growths on the ovary
Sexually Transmitted Diseases- diseases spread through sexual contact
Cancer-uncontrolled cell growth

92. Examine your breasts- check for lumps
Bathe regularly- change tampons and pads frequently too
Record your menstrual cycles
Practice abstinence- until married

93. Tell me what you have learned about your reproductive system.