1. PENCEMARAN AIR

2. The solution to pollution is dilution.
Air, Udara, Lahan ….
The solution to pollution is dilution.

3. Konsep-Konsep Penting
Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants
Major pollution problems of surface water
Major pollution problems of groundwater
Reduksi dan Pencegahan Pencemaran Air
Kualitas Air Minum

4. Air adalah kehidupan di Bumi.

5. Definisi Impaired Waters Total Maximum Daily Load
Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires states to develop lists of impaired waters, those that do not meet water quality standards that states have set for them.
Total Maximum Daily Load
The law requires that states establish priority rankings for impaired waters and develop total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for them. A TMDL specifies the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive and still meet water quality standards.

6. Point Source Pollution vs. Nonpoint Source Pollution
What’s the difference?
Slides by Christopher C. Obropta, Rutgers University

7. Sumber Pencemaran : Titik
comes from a specific source, like a pipe
factories, industry, municipal treatment plants
can be monitored and controlled by a permit system

8. Sumber pencemaran: Bukan-titik
Nonpoint Source (NPS) Pollution is pollution associated with stormwater or runoff
NPS pollution cannot be traced to a direct discharge point such as a wastewater treatment facility

9. Contoh-contoh NPS oil & grease from cars fertilizers animal waste
grass clippings
septic systems
sewage & cleaners from boats
household cleaning products
litter

10. Mekanisme Transpor Polutan
NPS pollutants build up on land surfaces during dry weather
Atmospheric deposition
Fertilizer applications
Animal waste
Automotive exhaust/fluid leaks
Pollutants are washed off land surfaces during precipitation events (stormwater runoff)
Stormwater runoff will flow to lakes and streams

11. Pollutant build-up and wash off are affected by land use.
Imperviousness increases runoff
Land use changes impact build up

12. Keterkaitan Landuse dengan Kualitas Air
More Imperviousness = More Water

13. Apa itu Penutup Kedap Air?
roads, rooftops, parking lots, and other hard surfaces that do not allow stormwater to soak into the ground
“predominant American vegetation”

14. Penutup kedap air provides a surface for accumulation of pollutants
leads to increased polluted runoff and flooding
inhibits recharge of groundwater

15. Dampak pencemaran Sumber Bukan-titik
fish and wildlife
recreational water activities
commercial fishing
tourism
drinking water quality

16. Polutan dalam Runoff Sediment
Soil particles transported from their source
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
● Oxygen depleting material
Leaves
Organic material
Toxics
● Pesticides
Herbicides
Fungicides
Insecticides
● Metals (naturally occurring in soil, automotive emissions/ tires)
Lead
Zinc
Mercury
● Petroleum Hydrocarbons (automotive exhaust and fuel/oil)
Nutrients
● Various types of materials that become dissolved and suspended in water (commonly found in fertilizer and plant material):
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Bacteria/ Pathogens
Originating from:
● Pets
● Waterfowl
● Failing septic systems
Thermal Stress
Heated runoff, removal of streamside vegetation
Debris
Litter and illegal dumping

17. Sumber Polutan di Kawasan Permukiman
Nutrients: Fertilizers and septic systems
Pathogens: Pet waste and septic systems
Sediment: Construction, road sand, soil erosion
Toxic: Pesticides, household products
Debris: Litter and illegal dumping
Thermal: heated runoff, removal of streamside vegetation

18. Polutan dari pertanian
Sediment
Nutrients
Pathogens
Pesticides

19. Polutan Penting
Sediment reduces light penetration in stream, clogs gills of fish and aquatic invertebrates.
Nutrients act as fertilizer for algae & aquatic plants which can cause highly varying dissolved oxygen levels. At low DO levels, the aquatic life has the potential to be harmed.
Toxics can impact life and contaminate drinking water supplies.
Bacteria/Pathogens are an indicator of possible viruses present in the system.

20. Apa Pencemaran Air?
Any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired usage.

21. Apa pencemaran air? WHO:
3.4 million premature deaths each year from waterborne diseases
1.9 million from diarrhea
U.S. 1.5 million illnesses
1993 Milwaukee 370,000 sick

22. Apa pencemaran air?
Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often from animal wastes
Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste that needs oxygen often from animal waste, paper mills and food processing.
Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicals often from runoff, industries and household cleaners

23. Apa pencemaran air?
Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics, detergents often from surface runoff, industries and cleaners
Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia and phosphates often from sewage, agriculture and urban fertilizers
Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can disrupt photosynthesis, destroy spawning grounds, clog rivers and streams
Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from powerplants

24. Bagaimana Kualitas Air?
Bacterial Counts: Fecal coliform counts from intestines of animals
None per 100 ml for drinking
>200 per 100 ml for swimming
Sources: human sewage, animals, birds, raccoons, etc.

25. Bagaimana mengukur kualitas air?
Dissolved Oxygen: BOD Biological Oxygen Demand…the amount of oxygen consumed by aquatic decomposers
Chemical Analysis: looking for presence of inorganic or organic chemicals
Suspended Sediment water clarity

26. Bagaimana mengukur Kualitas air?
Indicator Species: organisms that give an idea of the health of the water body.
Mussels, oysters and clams filter water

27. Tipe, Efek dan Sumber Pencemaran Air
Point sources
Nonpoint sources
Water quality

28. Sumber Pencemaran: Titik dan Bukan-Titik
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban development
Wastewater treatment plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT SOURCES

29. Sumber Pencemaran Air Agriculture: by far the leader
Sediment, fertilizers, bacteria from livestock, food processing, salt from soil irrigation
Industrial: factories and powerplants
Mining: surface mining toxics, acids, sediment

30. Pencemaran Air Sungai
Flowing streams can recover from moderate level of degradable water pollution if their flows are not reduced.
Natural biodegradation process
Does not work if overloaded or stream flow reduced
Does not work against non biodegradable pollutants

31. Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi kurva kantong oksigen?
Pencemaran Sungai
Kurva Kantong oksigen
Faktor yang mempengaruhi recovery
Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi kurva kantong oksigen?

32. Dua Dunia Developed Countries
U.S. and other developed countries sharply reduced point sources even with population and economic growth
Nonpoint still a problem
Toxic chemicals still problem
Success Cuyahoga River, Thames River

33. Dua Dunia Developing Countries: Serious and growing problem
Half of world’s 500 major rivers heavily polluted
Sewage treatment minimal $$$
Law enforcement difficult
10% of sewage in China treated
Economic growth with little $$$ to clean up

34. Sungai Gangga India Holy River (1 million take daily holy dip)
350 million (1/3rd of pop) live in watershed
Little sewage treatment
Used for bathing, drinking etc.
Bodies (cremated or not) thrown in river
Good news is the Indian government is beginning to work on problem

35. Pencemaran Danau Air Tawar
Dilution as a solution in lakes less effective
Little vertical mixing
Little water flow (flushing)
Makes them more vulnerable
Toxins settle
Kill bottom life
Atmospheric deposition
Food chain disruptions

36. Biomagnifications of PCBs in an aquatic food chain from the Great Lakes.

37. Eutrofikasi Danau
Eutrophication: nutrient enrichment of lakes mostly from runoff of plant nutrients (nitrates and phosphates)
During hot dry weather can lead to algae blooms
Decrease of photosynthesis
Dying algae then drops DO levels
Fish kills, bad odor

38. Pencemaran Danau
Eutrofikasi

39. Eutrofikasi Danau Penyelesaian masalah:
Advanced sewage treatment (N, P)
Household detergents
Soil conservation
Remove excess weed build up
Pump in oxygen or freshwater

40. Studi Kasus: The Great Lakes
Pollution levels dropped, but long way to go
95% of U.S. freshwater
30% Canadian pop, 14% U.S.
38 million drink
1% flow out St. Lawrence
Toxic fish

41. AIR TANAH = Groundwater
Why is groundwater pollution a serious problem?
What is the extent of the problem?
What are the solutions?

43. Groundwater Groundwater DAPAT TERKONTAMINASI: No way to cleanse itself
Little dilution and dispersion
Out of sight pollution
Prime source for irrigation and drinking
REMOVAL of pollutant difficult

44. Pencemaran Groundwater
Low flow rates
Few bacteria
Low oxygen
Cold temperatures
Hazardous waste injection well
Pesticides
Coal strip mine runoff
De-icing road salt
Buried gasoline and solvent tank
Pumping well
Cesspool septic tank
Gasoline station
Waste lagoon
Water pumping well
Sewer
Landfill
Leakage from faulty casing
Accidental spills
Discharge
Unconfined freshwater aquifer
Confined aquifer
Confined freshwater aquifer
Groundwater flow

45. Aliran air bawah tanah

46. Groundwater Pollution moves in plumes
Soil, rocks, etc. act like sponge
Cleansing does not work (low O, low flow, cold)
Nondegradables may be permanent

47. Pencegahan lebih efektif dan murah

48. Pencegahan Pencemaran Groundwater
Monitor aquifers
Find less hazardous substitutes
Leak detection systems
Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
Store hazardous materials above ground

50. Pencemaran Laut Toleransi pencemaran laut
Coastal zones: How does pollution affect coastal zones?
What are major sources of ocean pollution and what is being done?
Tumpahan Minyak

51. Pencemaran Laut
Oceans can disperse and break down large quantities of degradable pollution if they are not overloaded.
Pollution worst near heavily populated coastal zones
Wetlands, estuaries, coral reefs, mangrove swamps
40% of world’s pop. Live within 62 miles of coast

52. Mangrove Swamp

53. Estuaries

54. Pencemaran Laut Large amounts of untreated raw sewage (viruses)
Leaking septic tanks
Runoff
Algae blooms from nutrients
Dead zones NO DO
Airborne toxins
Oil spills

55. Pencemaran Laut

56. Preventing and reducing the flow of pollution from land and from streams emptying into the ocean is key to protecting oceans

57. TUMPAHAN MINYAK
Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

58. Pencegahan dan Reduksi
How can we reduce surface water pollution: point and also nonpoint.
How do sewage treatment plants work?
How successful has the U.S. been at reducing water pollution? Clean Water Act

59. Penyelesiaan: Mencegah dan Mereduksi Pencemaran Air Permukaan
Nonpoint Sources
Point Sources
Reduce runoff
Clean Water Act
Buffer zone vegetation
Water Quality Act
Reduce soil erosion
Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed

60. Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint
Reduksi Runoff

61. Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint
Zone Penyangga sekitar sungai

62. Sumber pencemaran Nonpoint
Prevent soil erosion and only apply needed pesticides and fertilizers

63. Sumber Pencemaran: Titik
Most developed countries use laws to set water pollution standards.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act 1972, ’77, ’87)
Regulates navigable waterways..streams, wetlands, rivers, lake

64. Peraturan Air Bersih Sets standards for key pollutants
Requires permits for discharge
Requires sewage treatment
Require permits for wetland destruction
Does not deal with nonpoint sources well
Goal All Waterways fishable and swimable

65. Teknologi: Sistem Septic
Memerlukan tanah dan perawatan
¼ of all U.S. homes have Septic tanks
Can be used in parking lots, business parks, etc.

66. Combined sewer overflow is a problem in many older towns
EPA: 1.8 M to 3.85 M sick from swimming in water contaminated by sewer overflows
EPA: $100 billion to fix

67. Pendekatan Teknologi: Pengolahan Air Limbah
Pengolahan Secara Fisik dan Biologis

69. Primary: removes 60% of solids and 30-40% oxygen demanding wastes (physically)
Secondary: uses biological processes to remove up to 90% of biodegradables
Tertiary: advanced techniques only used in 5% of U.S. $$$$
Disinfection: chlorine, ozone, UV
What is not taken out???

71. Technological Approach: Advanced (Tertiary) Sewage Treatment
Uses physical and chemical processes
Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive
Not widely used

72. Sludge disposal…using as fertilizer

73. Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage
Fig p. 513

74. Berita Baik Largely thanks to CWA:
Between 1972 – 2002 fishable and swimmable streams 36% to 60%
74% served by sewage treatment
Wetlands loss dropped by 80%
Topsoil losses dropped by 1 billion tons annually

75. Khabar Buruk
45% of Lakes, 40% streams still not fishable and swimmable
Nonpoint sources still huge problem
Livestock and Ag. Runoff
Ikan dengan Racun

76. Solusi Pencemaran Air

77. Air Bersih / Minum How is drinking water purified? High tech way.
How can we purify drinking water in developing nations?
What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?
Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive rip-off?

78. Kualitas Air Minum Purification of urban drinking water
Protection from terrorism
Purification of rural drinking water
Safe Drinking Water Act
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Air Minum Botolan

79. Purifikasi Air Bersih Perkotaan
Surface Water: (like Delaware River)
Removed to reservoir to improve clarity
Pumped to a treatment plant to meet drinking water standards
Groundwater: often does not need much treatment

81. Purifikasi Air Bersih Pedesaan
There can be simple ways to purify water:
Exposing to heat and UV rays
Fine cloths to filter water
Add small amounts of chlorine

82. Hemat Air Bersih 54 countries have drinking water laws
SDWA passed 1974 requires EPA to set drinking water standards
Maximum Contaminating Levels (MCLs)

83. Hemat Air Bersih Privately owned wells exempt from SDWA
SDWA requires public notification of failing to meet standards and fine.
MCLs often stated in parts per million or parts per billion

84. Bottle Water
U.S. has the world’s safest tap water due to billions of $$$ of investment
Bottle water 240 to 10,000 times more expensive than tap water
25% of bottle water is tap water

85. Air Botolan 1.4 million metric tons of bottle thrown away each year
Toxic fumes released during bottling
Bottles made from oil based plastics
Water does not need to meet SDWA