1. Magnets and Magnetic Fields
Physics 1-2 Chapter 21

2. How did magnets get their name?
First discovered about 3000 years ago
Magnesia, Greece
First naturally occurring magnetic rock, lodestone
Made up of iron-based material

3. Where do magnetic fields come from?
All magnetic fields arise from electric currents.
In the case of permanent magnets in ferromagnetic materials, the currents are from unpaired electrons orbiting the nucleus.

4. Magnetic Poles Magnets have a north pole and a south pole
Like charges:
Opposite poles attract
Like poles repel
Can’t isolate south pole from north pole
If magnet is cut, each piece will still have two poles

5. What are magnetic domains?
Magnetic substances like iron, cobalt, and nickel are composed of small areas where the groups of atoms are aligned like the poles of a magnet. These regions are called domains. All of the domains of a magnetic substance tend to align themselves in the same direction when placed in a magnetic field. These domains are typically composed of billions of atoms.

6. Properties of Magnets Permanent ALL the time, called permanent magnets
Example: lodestones
Classified as magnetically hard or soft
Soft magnets:
Example: iron
Easily magnetized
Loses its magnetic properties easily

7. Properties of Magnets Hard magnets: Soft magnets:
Example: cobalt, nickel
More difficult to magnetize
Don’t lose magnetism easily
Soft magnets:
Example: Iron in a staple or in a nail.
Easy to magnetize
Can be easily demagnetized by physical shock or heating

8. Magnets exert magnetic forces on each other
Example:
When magnet is lowered into bucket of nails, it can pick up a chain of nails
Each nail is temporarily magnetized by nail above it (exert magnetic force on nail below it)
Limit to how long chain of nails can be
The farther from the magnet smaller magnetic force

9. Magnets exert magnetic forces on each other
Eventually, magnetic force not strong enough to overcome force of gravity bottom nails fall

10. Magnetic Fields Force exerted by magnets acts at a distance Example:
Move south pole of magnet toward another south pole
Magnet will move away
Other forces act at a distance:
Gravitational forces, force between electric charges

11. Magnetic Fields ALL magnets produce a magnetic field
Strength of magnetic field depends on:
Material magnet made from
How much object is magnetized
How far from magnet.
Magnetic field lines used to represent magnetic field
Like electric field lines represent electric field

12. Magnetic Field Lines
Direction is defined as the direction that the north pole of a compass will point at that location. ( go from N to S )
Form closed loops
Field lines that are closer together strong magnetic field
Field line that are farther apart weak magnetic field
Magnetic field strongest near poles

13. Magnetic Field Lines

14. How do compasses work? Analyze magnetic field’s direction
Compass: magnet on top of pivot
Aligns with Earth’s magnetic field
Can be used to determine direction as Earth acts like a giant bar magnet

15. Earth’s Magnetic Field
Earth’s magnetic poles not same as geographic poles
Geographic north pole (Canada) magnetic south pole
Geographic south pole (Antarctica) magnetic north pole
Poles of magnet named for geographic pole they point to
N: “north-seeking” pole
S: “south-seeking” pole

16. Earth’s Magnetic Field

17. Earth’s Magnetic Field
Source of magnetism is unknown
Earth’s core made mostly of iron but too hot to have magnetic properties
Circulation of ions or electrons in liquid layer of Earth’s core?
Direction of Earth’s magnetism has changed
20 reversals in last 5 million years
We are due for a reversal in the next few thousand years!
Aurora Borealis/Australis:
Solar wind (charged particles emitted from sun) is deflected by Earth’s magnetic field

18. Aurora Borealis- “Northern lights”

19. Aurora Australis
Aurora Australis

20. Auroras
Auroras are only visible at night in extreme northern or southern latitudes.
In cases of unusually high solar activity, the auroras may be visible further south.

21. Ch21.2 : Electromagnetism
There is a magnetic field associated with any current (there is no magnetic field without a current!)
The magnetic field lines are co-encentric circles around a straight wire. The field line direction is given by the right hand rule. Thumb points in the direction of the current and fingers gripping the straight wire point in the direction of the field.

22. Right hand rule (P770, hons P662):

23. Solenoid
A long helically wound, insulated electric wire. The magnetic field is concentrated within the coil. It is further concentrated when a ferromagnetic material is placed inside the coil.
Electromagnet: A magnet that consists of a solenoid and a ferromagnetic core. The magnetic field can be switched on and off with the flow of electric current.

24. Solenoid

28. 21.3 – Relationship between current and magnetic field
A charge moving (a current) through a magnetic field experiences a force.
F = B q v Sin θ
F is force in Newtons
B is magnetic field strength in Tesla, T
q is charge in coulombs and,
V is the velocity of the charge
Θ is the angle between mag field and motion direction.

29. Right hand rule shows direction of force (P774, P650 Hons) on a positevely charged particle USE LEFT HAND FOR ELECTRON v B F

30. Homework :
Hons. P679 Q1,2,3 (use Voltage to calculate v first), 4, 5, 6. Draw picture!)
Reg. P 775 Q1 to 5. Draw a picture!

31. Force on a current carrying conductor
F = B I l
Where I is the current and l is the length of the conductor
There is therefore a force between any 2 current carrying conductors (note the demo)
Do Q 1 – 5 page 778
AND P

32. The force on a current carrying conductor has uses in motors, moving coil meters (any meter with a needle) and in any device where electrical energy converts to kinetic energy ……where motion is produced.

33. An explanation of how a motor works……

34. Chapter 22 Induced current
If a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, a voltage is induced in the conductor. (Faradays First Law)
If the conductor can form a circuit, a ______ will flow.
This induced voltage (emf) can happen in one of the following ways:
1) Move the conductor into or out of the field.

35. Inducing voltage (contd.)
2) Circuit is rotated in the field (angle between conductor and field changes)
3) Change the intensity of the magnetic field.
Before we go and do numerical problems based on this idea do some concept problems on the previous topics:
P769 Q1-4
P779 Q1-5

36. Practical applications of electromagnetic induction
Motor: This is more of an application of F = BIL . A current flowing through a loop of wire between two magnet poles experiences a force that causes rotation (See and understand demo). When the motor turns 180°, a commutator (switch) changes the direction of the current so that the force is now changed 180°, and rotation continues.

37. A moving coil meter (galvanometer) is like a motor without the commutator and it also has a spring to return it to zero.
Generator: Identical to motor in construction BUT: the coil is forced to rotate with the magnetic field by an outside force (ex. A turbine) and the induced voltage causes a current to flow.

38. Speaker – works due to F = BIL.
Sound is just a pattern of changing pressure (vibration).
A loudspeaker or headphone has a wire coil placed in a permanent magnetic field. Current passed through the coil causes the coil to experience a ______ .
If the current changes at the same rate as the sound, the speaker coil and the permanent magnet interact to vibrate the coil at the same frequency as the desired sound.

40. Microphone – identical to the speaker construction but the coil moves due to sound vibrations, causing a current to be induced in the coil. This current can than be recorded or increased (amplified).
A microphone is to a speaker as a motor:generator is to a motor:generator
A motor is to a generator as a microphone:speaker is to a microphone:speaker
A guitar pickup works the same way as a microphone.

41. Transformer
Two coils of wire that have a magnetic material between them. When an A.C. current flows in the primary coil, a changing magnetic field is produced in the magnetic material. This changing magnetic field induces a changing current in the secondary coil. Voltages may be changed:
V2 = [N2 / N1] V1
Where 1 means primary, 2 secondary, N = # of turns of wire
Do Q1-6 page 818 Hons. P722 Q54-57 and 59

44. Pole transformer
38,000V to 240V
Why are the 38kV
wires (on top) thinner
than the 240V wires?
Pad transformer

46. Transformers (contd.)
Transformers do not work with direct (constant) current as a changing magnetic field is necessary to induce a voltage in the secondary.
Alternating current (changes direction 60 times per second in US, 50 /sec outside Americas) is necessary for a transformer to work.

47. Depending on the ratio of N2 /N1 the voltage may be stepped up or down by any amount.
Efficiency can be as high as the high 90’s % with some energy lost as heat in the coils and due to eddy currents producing heat in the magnetic core itself. Large transformers have cooling systems to remove this heat which can lead to failure.

48. Thomas Edison built a network of power plants in major cities producing DC current.
They had to be very close to the power users and the voltage produced was the same as voltage consumed.
Nicola Tesla emigrated to the US and was asked to solve the problem of supplying power to gold and silver mines in the West. Mines (where power was used) were often miles from fast-running rivers (where power was produced). Wires had to be very thick ($$$) if low voltage used (P=VI). Equipment in mines dangerous if high voltage used in mines.

49. Tesla’s Trillion dollar idea:
Don’t use DC – use AC!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Use transformers at power plant to make voltage very high before distribution (thin wires).
Use transformers at mine to reduce the voltage to safe, practical levels.
This is what we do today.
Power is distributed from the power plants at V of the order of 106 Volts over great distances over a grid. Voltage is stepped down successively by transformers until your house receives 240V or 120V.

50. Interesting video of utility linemen:

51. Answers to P818 1) 1.2 X102 V 2) 25 Turns 3) 156:1 4) 3.5 X 104 turns
3) 156:1
4) 3.5 X 104 turns
5) 2.6 X10 4 V
6) 147 V

52. Lenz’s Law
The induced voltage in a conductor in a changing magnetic field, produces a current that creates its own magnetic field which opposes the original magnetic field (the induced field opposes the change that produced it in the first place)
Induced currents in transformer cores and any conductor in a changing magnetic field flow in circles. The larger the area, the higher these currents are. They are called “eddy currents”
Sometimes these induced currents are desirable … ex. eddy current braking etc.

53. GBSPhysics163 - How does the Giant drop work? (Nick)
Eddy current brakes are used on
passenger trains a lot. The braking
depends on speed (F=Bqv) so a nice
smooth stop results.

54. Back e.m.f. and motors
As motor speed increases, a voltage (emf) is induced in the coil that opposes the original current that made the motor rotate. The net effect is to reduce the original current.
Motors have a high starting current which tapers off as speed of rotation increases.

55. Induced V (emf) = -NΔ (AB (CosΘ))/Δt
Faraday’s first law
Induced V (emf) = -NΔ (AB (CosΘ))/Δt
N is the number of turns of wire, A is area, Θ is angle between B and the circuit or wire. The current direction found by R.H.R. . Could you figure the current direction?

56. Find current direction