1. Gases
Chapter 10

2. Characteristics of Gases
The particles in gases are far apart, therefore they are very compressible.
Gases expand to fill the volume of their container (V cont. = V gas)
Their motion is constant, random, and very fast.
Average Kinetic NRG of gas is determined by Temperature

3. The volume and mass of gas particles is negligable.
For gas particles, the energy remains constant within a system.
During collisions between gas particles, the collision is perfectly ellastic.
When gas particles collide with the walls of their container, they exert a pressure.

4. Pressure Gases exert a pressure on the walls of their container.
Pressure is defined as
force per unit area: F
P = A
SI unit: 1 N/m2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)

5. Atmospheric Pressure
The result of ALL the gas molecules of the atmosphere from sea level to the top of the exosphere.
Gravity pulls all of them down toward the center of the earth.
A Large Force!
1 m2 column air = 10,000 kg at sea level
Air pressure changes slightly from day to day, but changes dramatically with altitude.

6. Where is there higher pressure: up in the mountains or down at the beach?
Why?
What does that mean for us?

7. A Barometer measures atmospheric pressure
Vacuum
The pressure of the atmosphere at sea level at 25oC will hold a column of mercury 760 mm.
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = kPa
1 atm = 29.9 inches Hg
“Standard Atmospheric Pressure”
760 mm Hg
1 atm Pressure

8. A Manometer measures the pressure of gas in a container
Column of mercury measures pressure.
h is how much lower the pressure is than outside.
SUBTRACT h from the room pressure. h
Gas

9. Manometer
h is how much higher the gas pressure is than the atmosphere.
ADD the difference in the height to the room pressure h
Gas

10. Units of pressure 1 atmosphere = 760 mm Hg 1 mm Hg = 1 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pascals = kPa
Use dimensional analysis to convert
1. What is 724 mm Hg in kPa?
2. in torr?
3. in atm?
96.5 kPa
724 torr
0.952 atm

11. The Gas Laws Boyle’s Law:
Pressure and volume are inversely related at constant temperature.
PV= k
As one goes up, the other goes down.
P1V1 = P2 V2
Graphically. . .

12. Boyle’s Law P
V (at constant T)

13. Slope = k P
1/V (at constant T)

14. Charles’ Law
Volume of a gas varies directly with the absolute temperature at constant pressure.
V = kT (if T is in Kelvin)
V V T T2
Graphically . . . =

15. V (L) ºC
T (ºC)

16. Gay- Lussac Law
At constant volume, pressure and absolute temperature are directly related.
P = k T
P P T T2
Graphically . . . =

17. Slope = k P
Temperature K

18. Avogadro's Law
At constant temperature and pressure, the volume of gas is directly related to the number of moles.
V = k n (n is the number of moles)
V V n n2 =

19. Combined Gas Law
If the moles of gas remains constant, use this formula and cancel out the other things that don’t change.
P1 V1 = P2 V T T2

20. Examples
A spray can has a volume of 175 mL and a pressure of 3.8 atm at 22ºC. What would the pressure be if the can was heated to 100.ºC?
What volume of gas could the can release at 22ºC and 743 torr?

21. Ideal Gas Law
PV = nRT
V = L at 1 atm, 0ºC, n = 1 mole, what is R?
R is the ideal gas constant.
R = L atm/ mol K
How do you get R for different units of P?
Tells you about a gas NOW.
The other laws tell you about a gas when it changes.

22. Ideal Gas Law An equation of state. (a state function)
Independent of how you end up where you are at. Does not depend on the path.
Given 3 you can determine the fourth.
An Empirical Equation - based on experimental evidence.

23. Ideal Gas Law A hypothetical substance - the ideal gas
Gases only approach ideal behavior at low pressure (< 1 atm) and high temperature.
Use the laws anyway, unless told to do otherwise.
They give good estimates.

24. Examples
A 47.3 L container containing 1.62 mol of He is heated until the pressure reaches 1.85 atm. What is the temperature?
Kr gas in a 18.5 L cylinder exerts a pressure of 8.61 atm at 24.8ºC What is the mass of Kr?
A sample of gas has a volume of 4.18 L at 29ºC and 732 torr. What would its volume be at 24.8ºC and 756 torr?

25. Gas Stoichiometry D = m/V Let M stand for molar mass M = m/n n= PV/RT
M = m PV/RT
M = mRT = m RT = DRT PV V P P
May be easier to convert to moles, then use stoich.

26. Examples What is the density of ammonia at 23ºC and 735 torr?
A compound has the empirical formula CHCl. A 256 mL flask at 100.ºC and 750 torr contains .80 g of the gaseous compound. What is the molecular formula?

27. The molar mass of the atmosphere at the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, is 28.6 g/mol. The surface temperature is 95 K, and the pressure is 1.6 atm. Assuming ideal behavior, calculate the density of Titan’s atmosphere.
5.9 g/L

28. 2NaN3 (s)  2Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
The safety air bags in automobiles are inflated by nitrogen gas (see the equation above). If an air bag has a volume of 36 L and is to be filled with nitrogen gas at a pressure of 1.15 atm at a temperature of 26.0oC, how many grams of NaN3 must be decomposed?
72 g NaN3

29. Gases and Stoichiometry
Reactions happen in moles
At Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP, 0ºC and 1 atm) 1 mole of gas occuppies L.
If not at STP, use the ideal gas law to calculate moles of reactant or volume of product.

30. Examples
Mercury can be achieved by the following reaction above. What volume of oxygen gas can be produced from 4.10 g of mercury (II) oxide at STP?
At 400.ºC and 740 torr?

31. Examples Using the following reaction
calculate the mass of sodium hydrogen carbonate necessary to produce 2.87 L of carbon dioxide at 25ºC and 2.00 atm.
If 27 L of gas are produced at 26ºC and 745 torr when 2.6 L of HCl are added what is the concentration of HCl?

32. Examples
Consider the following reaction What volume of NO at 1.0 atm and 1000ºC can be produced from 10.0 L of NH3 and excess O2 at the same temperature and pressure?
What volume of O2 measured at STP will be consumed when 10.0 kg NH3 is reacted?

33. The Same reaction
What mass of H2O will be produced from 65.0 L of O2 and 75.0 L of NH3 both measured at STP?
What volume Of NO would be produced?
What mass of NO is produced from 500. L of NH3 at 250.0ºC and 3.00 atm?

34. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
The total pressure in a container is the sum of the pressure each gas would exert if it were alone in the container.
The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures.
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 ...
For each P = nRT/V

35. Dalton's Law PTotal = n1RT + n2RT + n3RT +... V V V
In the same container R, T and V are the same.
PTotal = (n1+ n2 + n3+...)RT V
PTotal = (nTotal)RT V

36. The mole fraction Ratio of moles of the substance to the total moles.
symbol is Greek letter chi c
c1 = n1 = P nTotal PTotal

37. Examples
The partial pressure of nitrogen in air is 592 torr. Air pressure is 752 torr, what is the mole fraction of nitrogen?
What is the partial pressure of nitrogen if the container holding the air is compressed to 5.25 atm?
0.787
4.13 atm

38. Examples 4.00 L CH4 1.50 L N2 3.50 L O2 0.752 atm 2.70 atm 4.58 atm
When these valves are opened, what is each partial pressure and the total pressure?

39. When valve is opened, the gases mix and fill the total volume of all vessels:
4.0 L L L = 9.0 L
Since the #moles and temp. is constant, this is a simple Boyle’s Law problem:
4.0 L
PCH4 = 2.7 atm = 1.2 atm
9.0 L
So, the total
pressure of all
the gases is
= atm
1.5 L
PN2 = 4.58 atm = atm
9.0 L
3.5 L
PO2 = .752 atm = atm
9.0 L

40. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
Theory tells why the things happen.
Explains why ideal gases behave the way they do.
Assumptions that simplify the theory, but don’t work in real gases.

41. Kinetic Molecular Theory…
The particles are so small we can ignore their volume.
The particles are in constant motion and their collisions cause pressure.
The particles do not exert forces on each either (attractive or repulsive)
The average Kinetic NRG is proportional to the Kelvin temperature (KE = 1/2 mv2 )

42. What it tells us (KE)avg = 3/2 RT This the meaning of temperature.
Molecules move about at a random average KE.
It is not a true average, but the root-mean-square speed (RMS speed).
RMS is the square root of the average squared speeds. It is close to the average.

43. Combine these two equations
(KE)avg = NA(1/2 mu 2 )
(KE)avg = 3/2 RT

44. Combine these two equations
(KE)avg = NA(1/2 mu 2 )
(KE)avg = 3/2 RT Where M is the molar mass in kg/mole, and R has the units J/Kmol.
The velocity will be in m/s

45. Range of velocities
The average distance a molecule travels before colliding with another is called the mean free path and is small (near 10-7)
Temperature is an average. There are molecules of many speeds in the average.
Shown on a graph called a velocity distribution

46. 273 K
number of particles
Molecular Velocity

47. 273 K
1273 K
number of particles
Molecular Velocity

48. 273 K
1273 K
number of particles
2273 K
Molecular Velocity

49. Velocity Average increases as temperature increases.
Spread increases as temperature increases.

50. Molecular Effusion and Diffusion
Movement of gas through a small opening into an evacuated container (vacuum)
The effusion rate measures how fast this happens.
Graham’s Law -the rate of effusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles.

51. Graham’s Law

52. Examples
A compound effuses through a porous cylinder 3.20 times faster than helium. What is it’s molar mass?
If mol of NH3 effuse through a hole in 2.47 min, how much HCl would effuse in the same time?
A sample of N2 effuses through a hole in 38 seconds. what must be the molecular weight of gas that effuses in 55 seconds under identical conditions?

53. Diffusion The mixing of gases (the spreading of gas through a room)
Slow considering that gases move at 100’s of meters per second
Why is it so slow?
Collisions with other molecules slow it down.
Best estimate is Graham’s Law

54. Real Gases
Real molecules do take up space and they do interact with each other (especially polar molecules).
Need to add correction factors to the ideal gas law to account for these.

55. Volume Correction
The actual volume free to move in is less because of particle size.
More molecules will have more effect.
Corrected volume V’ = V - nb
b is a constant that differs for each gas.
P’ = nRT (V-nb)

56. Pressure correction
Because the molecules are attracted to each other, the pressure on the container will be less than ideal
depends on the number of molecules per liter.
since two molecules interact, the effect must be squared.

57. ( ) Pressure correction n Pobserved = P’ - a V 2
Because the molecules are attracted to each other, the pressure on the container will be less than ideal
depends on the number of molecules per liter.
since two molecules interact, the effect must be squared. ( ) 2 V n
Pobserved
= P’ - a

58. ( ) Altogether Pobs= nRT - a n 2 V-nb V
Called the Van der Waal’s equation if rearranged
Corrected Corrected Pressure Volume

59. Where does it come from a and b are determined by experiment.
Different for each gas.
Bigger molecules have larger b.
a depends on both size and polarity.
once given, plug and chug.

60. Example
Calculate the pressure exerted by mol Cl2 in a L container at 25.0ºC
Using the ideal gas law.
Van der Waal’s equation
a = 6.49 atm L2 /mol2
b = L/mol