1. Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving

2. Emotion A psychological state with four components:
A positive or negative subjective experience
The activation of specific mental processes and stored information
Bodily arousal
Characteristic overt behavior

3. Question

4. Which of the following is not a component of emotion?
A) bodily arousal
B) a positive or negative subjective experience
C) objective feelings.
D) activation of specific mental processes
E) characteristic behavior

5. Which of the following is not a component of emotion?
A) bodily arousal
B) a positive or negative subjective experience
C) objective feelings.
D) activation of specific mental processes
E) characteristic behavior

6. Name the Emotion Happy Sad Fear Anger Surprise Disgust
Note to instructor: This is a demo and the slide will change with each click.
Anger
Surprise
Disgust

7. Basic emotions
Controversial
3 types of disgust/5 types of positive

8. Are Emotions Universal?
Does the Fore tribe in New Guinea identify Caucasian facial expressions?

9. Question

10. An innate emotion that all humans share is called a(n):
A) universal experience.
B) fundamental feeling.
C) objective experience.
D) basic emotion.
E) expression

11. An innate emotion that all humans share is called a(n):
A) universal experience.
B) fundamental feeling.
C) objective experience.
D) basic emotion.
E) expression

12. Separate But Equal Emotions
Positive and negative emotions can coexist
Approach emotions
Love and happiness
Withdrawal emotions
Fear and disgust

13. Theories of Emotion: James-Lange Theory
Event
Physiological
arousal
Interpret
physiological
changes
Emotion
You feel emotions after your body reacts

14. Theories of Emotion: Cannon-Bard Theory
Event
Physiological
arousal
The event causes both arousal and emotion

15. Theories of Emotion: Cognitive Theory
Event
Physiological
arousal
Interpret
based on
context
Emotion
Your arousal and the context
combine to form emotions

16. Theories of Emotion: Emerging Synthesis
Brain and
body
reactions
Emotion
Event
Memories and
interpretation
Different emotions rely on different combinations of body and brain reactions and interpretation

17. Question

18. Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion?
A) Allport-Cattell
B) Cannon-Bard
C) cognitive
D) Belle-Barrett
E) James-Lange

19. Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion?
A) Allport-Cattell
B) Cannon-Bard
C) cognitive
D) Belle-Barrett
E) James-Lange

20. Another Question

21. Which is the best explanation of the Cannon-Bard theory?
A) Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response.
B) Emotions arise from learned triggers.
C) Emotion is nothing but a reflexive response based on instincts.
D) Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.
E) Emotions are changes in core affect.

22. Which is the best explanation of the Cannon-Bard theory?
A) Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response.
B) Emotions arise from learned triggers.
C) Emotion is nothing but a reflexive response based on instincts.
D) Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.
E) Emotions are changes in core affect.

23. Facial Feedback Hypothesis
We experience emotions in part as a result of the positions of our facial muscles
Smiling makes you feel happier
Frowning makes you feel sadder

24. The Schacter-Singer Experiment
Participants are told they are receiving a vitamin supplement
They actually receive epinephrine

25. The Schacter-Singer Experiment
Emotional response depended on context
Misattribution of arousal

26. Fear Four basic facts about fear Fear can be an emotional reflex
Fear can be classically conditioned
Fear interacts with mental processes
The amygdala does not play a role in producing the emotional “feel” of fear

27. Question

28. It is possible to interpret bodily arousal incorrectly
It is possible to interpret bodily arousal incorrectly. When this happens, it is called:
A) misattribution of arousal.
B) interpretive error.
C) misapplication of arousal.
D) cognitive restructuring.
E) an affective disorder.

29. It is possible to interpret bodily arousal incorrectly
It is possible to interpret bodily arousal incorrectly. When this happens, it is called:
A) misattribution of arousal.
B) interpretive error.
C) misapplication of arousal.
D) cognitive restructuring.
E) an affective disorder.

30. Happiness Hedonic treadmill-what makes people happy? $$$?
Social comparison and happiness
People with more left frontal lobe activation tend to be happier
Happiness promotes resilience
Immune system boost

31. Question

32. Darius inherited $500,000 from his grandmother
Darius inherited $500,000 from his grandmother. He bought a new house and a new car and then spent the rest on vacations and new furnishings for the house. Although he is happier, that is likely to fade in a relatively short period of time. This is called ________.
A) greener grass syndrome
B) the squirrel cage
C) the hedonic treadmill
D) mice and maze phenomenon
E) financial feedback hypothesis

33. Darius inherited $500,000 from his grandmother
Darius inherited $500,000 from his grandmother. He bought a new house and a new car and then spent the rest on vacations and new furnishings for the house. Although he is happier, that is likely to fade in a relatively short period of time. This is called ________.
A) greener grass syndrome
B) the squirrel cage
C) the hedonic treadmill
D) mice and maze phenomenon
E) financial feedback hypothesis

34. China-social support and happiness Culture and happiness
Happy people and self-comparisons
Personality and happiness
Assertive
Extraverted
50% of happiness is hereditary

35. Expressing Emotion Cultural display rules Body language
Japanese vs. westerners
Berkeley experiment-watch video
Body language
Nonverbal communication
Gender differences
Role in conveying sexual interest
Victims

36. Self-control Can you control your emotions? Erotic videos
Those who can suppress can’t enhance and vice versa
Whites viewing pictures of black and white faces
Imitate other’s emotions

37. Question

38. Researchers suggest that at least ________ of the variability in happiness may be the result of heredity.
A) only 25%
B) at least 60%
C) about 50%
D) less than 10%

39. Researchers suggest that at least ________ of the variability in happiness may be the result of heredity.
A) only 25%
B) at least 60%
C) less than 50%
D) at least 50%
E) less than 10%

40. Motivation
The requirements and desires that lead animals (including humans) to behave in a particular way at a particular time and place

41. The requirements and desires that lead humans and other animals to behave in particular ways at particular times and places are called ________.
A) motivations
B) drives
C) wishes
D) instincts
E) incentives

42. The requirements and desires that lead humans and other animals to behave in particular ways at particular times and places are called ________.
A) motivations
B) drives
C) wishes
D) instincts
E) incentives

43. Theories of Motivation: Instincts
Organisms have inherited tendencies to produce organized and unalterable responses to particular stimuli
Weakness
Human behaviors are more complex and flexible than instincts can explain
Evolutionary psychology
Hard-wired goals

44. Theories of Motivation: Drive
In response to internal imbalances, drives push you to reduce the imbalance
Homeostasis-the kid who ate salt
Weakness
Assumes the goal is homeostasis, but sometimes people seek increased or decreased arousal

45. Question

46. An internal imbalance that motivates humans and other animals to achieve a goal that will reduce the imbalance is called a(n):
A) instinct
B) drive
C) motive cue
D) genetic trigger
E) affect

47. An internal imbalance that motivates humans and other animals to achieve a goal that will reduce the imbalance is called a(n):
A) instinct
B) drive
C) motive cue
D) genetic trigger
E) affect

48. Theories of Motivation: Arousal Theory
We seek intermediate levels of stimulation: when understimulated, we seek arousal; when overstimulated, we seek less stimulation
Weakness
Difficult to define levels of stimulation and how they vary

49. The Yerkes-Dodson Law Performance Level Arousal Level High
Intermediate
Low
Arousal Level
Low
High
Intermediate

50. Theories of Motivation: Incentives
We are motivated toward particular goals in anticipation of a reward

51. HS grad - $37,000
Associate’s-$46,000
Bachelor’s- $65,000
Advanced- $88,000

52. Question

53. People tend to perform best at ________ levels of arousal.
A) low
B) intermediate
C) high
D) variable
E) extreme

54. People tend to perform best at ________ levels of arousal.
A) low
B) intermediate
C) high
D) variable
E) extreme

55. Theories of Motivation: Learned Helplessness
Condition that occurs after an animal has an aversive experience in which nothing it does can affect what happens to it, and so it simply gives up and stops trying to change the situation or to escape

56. Question

57. Manuel had a personality conflict with his math teacher
Manuel had a personality conflict with his math teacher. No matter how hard he tried to get along, the teacher seemed to single him out. Eventually Manuel just quit trying to get along. He knew it would never help and he just didn't see the point anymore. Manuel's feelings are best described as an example of ________ .
A) classical conditioning
B) the carrot and the stick
C) aversion conditioning
D) an exaggerated focus
E) learned helplessness

58. Manuel had a personality conflict with his math teacher
Manuel had a personality conflict with his math teacher. No matter how hard he tried to get along, the teacher seemed to single him out. Eventually Manuel just quit trying to get along. He knew it would never help and he just didn't see the point anymore. Manuel's feelings are best described as an example of ________ .
A) classical conditioning
B) the carrot and the stick
C) aversion conditioning
D) an exaggerated focus
E) learned helplessness

59. Needs and Wants Need Want
A condition that arises from the lack of a requirement
Want
A condition that arises when you have an unmet goal that will not fill a requirement

60. Needs and Wants
Types of rewards
Deprived reward
Nondeprived reward

61. Wanting something is not the same thing as liking it.

62. Types of needs 1) To be competent. 2) To be autonomous.
3) To have social approval.
4) To be dominant or in control.
5) To be affiliated with others.
6) To be powerful.
7) To reach closure.
8) To understand.
9) To maintain self-esteem.
10) To find the world benevolent.

63. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-
actualization needs
Aesthetic needs
Cognitive needs
Esteem needs
Belongingness needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs

64. Self-Actualization
“We may expect that a new discontent and restlessness will soon develop, unless the individual is doing what he’s fitted for. A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace. What a person can be, he must be. This need we call self-actualization.”~Maslow

65. Question

66. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is a higher order need than cognitive needs?
A) belongingness needs
B) esteem needs
C) aesthetic needs
D) safety needs
E) physiological needs

67. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is a higher order need than cognitive needs?
A) belongingness needs
B) esteem needs
C) aesthetic needs
D) safety needs
E) physiological needs

68. Achievement and Culture
Individualist culture
Collectivist culture
Achievement motivation

69. Sexual Behavior Reproductive sex Recreational sex Difficult to study
2% of sex acts
Recreational sex
98% of sex acts
Difficult to study
Sampling bias
Response bias

70. Sexual Response Cycle Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution
Refractory period (men)

72. The Role of Chemicals Hormones Pheromones Androgens Estrogens
Testosterone
Estrogens
Pheromones

74. Ovulation and eroticism
About to ovulate=Increased sexual fantasies
Increased pheremone production
Increased sense of smell

76. Men’s shifting hormones
Prefer “ruggedly handsome”
Men’s shifting hormones
Anticipation increase
Married men = lower testosterone at end of day
More time with wife = lower testosterone
Oxytocin

77. Adolescents-early sex if friends do it
Sexual Stimuli
Visual stimuli
Men more aroused than women
Nature of video (audience)
Less important for women
Olfactory stimuli
Mating preferences: evolutionary theories
Parental investment
Concerns about infidelity
Adolescents-early sex if friends do it

78. Sexual Orientation Heterosexual Homosexual 4-10% Bisexual
DSM
Bisexual
Biological differences
Hypothalamus
Genes
Environment

79. What’s Normal? Cultural variations Sexual dysfunction
Male erectile dysfunction
Female arousal dysfunction
Atypical sexual behavior: Paraphilias
Pedophile
Fetishes
Transvestism
“Homophobia”