1. The Metamorphosis
Franz Kafka

2. The Metamorphosis Great ending point for the semester
a very specific study in Psychoanalysis and Formalism

3. 1. Formalism and The Metamorphosis
You should understand these literary terms:
eponym and Kafkaesque
defamiliarization
novella
Parable
Existentialism (philosophy)
(we will revisit) tragic hero, tragic sequence (Aristotle), symbol, metaphor,

4. In your own words, define eponym.
Sophoclean irony
Aristolean tragedy
Shakespearean scholar
Homeric epithets
Freudian psychology
Modern: MacGyver, Shrute
…………………………………………..
KAFKAESQUE

5. Eponym
An eponym is similar to an allusion, referring to a well-known person to link his or her attributes
Meaning is usually known to educated people
Comes into language from a person's name
What does it tell us that Kafka (and his writing) has been labeled with an eponym?
By the end of the period, you should be able to construct a definition of Kafkaesque based on your understanding of form and author.

6. Compare these famous Opening Lines…
“As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a giant insect” (Kafka, The Metamorphosis).
….…………………………………………………
“It was a bright cold day in April and the clocks were striking thirteen” (Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four 1).
What do these two lines have in common?
(Compare the beginnings of the sentences to the endings)

7. Both sentences make their points through defamiliarization:
They initially describe normal, everyday, almost boring events, only to disrupt this sense of normalcy at the very end. The disruption of reader’s expectation is called a defamiliarization effect – in German, Verfremdungseffekt, which translates as “alienation effect.”
Taking the familiar and making it strange.

8. Why would Kafka (or any author) want to alienate his audience?
(Keep in kind that that Kafka is eponymic = highly regarded piece of literature and he is a highly regarded writer)
Why does Kafka (in a non-science fiction piece of writing) have a human being wake up as an insect?

9. It enhances our perceptions of the familiar
This gives an aesthetic affect = literary art

10. Take a minute to read Terrible Things
This story is a parable . What is this a parable of?
How would you define parable based on this example?
Why do you think the author told the story of the Holocaust in this symbolic way?
Why might an author choose to write in parable form?    

11. Definition of Parable
At its simplest, a parable is a metaphor or simile  drawn from nature or common life,  arresting the hearer by its vividness or strangeness,  and leaving the mind in sufficient doubt about its precise application to tease it into active thought.

12. The Form of The Metamorphosis: Parable
1st person p.o.v. - Fictional narration used to convey a moral not openly stated
Uses this literary form as a neutral, detached point of view from which to examine human behavior
Conveys truth in a less offensive, more engaging form than a direct assertion
Appeals to the understanding, the emotions, and the imagination—to the whole person

13. Parable: The Complexity of Life
The meaning of most parables is not so obvious, or at least it shouldn't be.
Most parables contain some element that is strange or unusual.
Parables do not define things precisely but, rather, use comparisons.
Takes the familiar and applies it to the unfamiliar
Makes the unfamiliar more comprehensible

14. The bottom line…
improbable or even impossible events in fiction often ask us to consider what the larger meaning of these events may be
by disrupting our normal perspective on reality, unusual plotlines force us to ask profound questions

15. 2. PSYCHOANALYSIS and The Metamorphosis
What did you find to be striking or significant about Kafka’s life?
Do a quick psychoanalytic prediction:
How might the Kafka’s life and times have affected his writing?

16. Franz Kafka…a bit of his bio.
Czech-born in 1883 into a middle-class, German-speaking Jewish family in a very Catholic Prague
Forced to attend German school
Studied law
Worked as a clerk for an insurance company in order to support his parents/sisters
Had a very strained relationship with his tyrannical father
Had very little time to devote to his writing

17. He was a meek and sickly
Developed MANY, many, many, many intense relationships…was engaged MANY times but could never follow through
Suffered from clinical depression, social anxiety, and several other illnesses triggered by stress
Contracted tuberculosis in 1917 and was supported by his sister and parents
Died in 1924 from starvation when his tuberculosis worsened and he could not swallow

18. So what did this all mean to him?
Felt he was an outsider
Feared being perceived as both physically and mentally repulsive
Jewish in Catholic Prague
Sickly
Lonely
Perceived human beings as
being trapped by authority in
a hopeless world
Became frustrated with having
to support his family
Had to work in a meaningless job for which he was overqualified
“just another pencil pusher”
Took time away from his writing

19. As a result…
Franz Kafka’s writings often dealt with loneliness, isolation and alienation, all of which are aggravated by the social and economic systems that structure human relations.

20. Consider FORM and AUTHOR
Based on your understanding of eponym, defamiliarization, parable, and Kafka’s life, create a rough definition of KAFKAESQUE

21. Kafkaesque =
Used to describe something horrible and beyond the restraints of logic
characterized by surreal distortion and a sense of impending danger
Is a very interesting and identifiable style because its created out of psychoanalytic and formalist approaches to analysis

22. Difficulties in Reading Kafka: Paradox and Ambiguity
Not a systematic philosopher or religious man
Is so convincing in his matter-of-factness and use of details to the point of negating the absurdity of a situation
Does not use metaphors yet his stories are parables
Uses distortion to reveal truths
Suggests various levels of meanings
Is quirky

23. Setting the scene
The protagonist of the story is Gregor Samsa, who is the son of middle-class parents in Prague.  Gregor’s father lost most of his money about five years earlier, causing Gregor to take a job with one of his father's creditors as a travelling salesman.  Gregor provides the sole support for his family (father, mother, and sister), and also found them their current lodgings in Prague. When the story begins, Gregor is spending a night at home before embarking upon another business trip. And then. . .

24. Writers often use fantastic events to signify additional levels of meaning beyond the literal. Thus, we need to ask ourselves what Gregor’s metamorphosis signifies in terms of larger issues.

25. Full of SYMBOLISM… Hospital Music The lodgers Insect The furniture
Doors
Picture of the woman
The number three
Gregor’s father’s uniform
??????

26. Central Symbol of the Beetle/Vermin
A subjective fantasy that best describes Gregor’s self-loathing:
Worthlessness
Uselessness
Meaninglessness
Awkwardness
Ugliness

27. The ending:
“The greatest immediate improvement in their condition would of course arise from moving to another house; they wanted to take a smaller and cheaper but also better situated and more easily run apartment than the one they had, which Gregor had selected. While they were thus conversing, it struck both Mr. and Mrs. Samsa, almost at the same moment, as they became aware of their daughter's increasing vivacity, that in spite of all the sorrow of recent times, which had made her cheeks pale, she had bloomed into a buxom girl. . .”

28. “They grew quieter and half unconsciously exchanged glances of complete agreement, having come to the conclusion that it would soon be time to find a good husband for her. And it was like a confirmation of their new dreams and excellent intentions that at the end of their journey their daughter sprang to her feet first and stretched her young body.”

29. How do you interpret the ending? What does it all mean?

30. How good is your memory?
Aristotle’s Poetics?
Unity of Action?
Apply it to The Metamorphosis…

31. The Inward Passage: The Real Metamorphosis
This is a novel about Gregor Samsa who learns about who he really is through an overwhelming psychological experience that turns him inward.
His first step in this journey is disobedience:
Refuses to go to work
Refuses to follow the rules of etiquette
In his new condition, Gregor begins his soul searching:
Accepts that he has conformed to his family’s and employer’s demands
Realizes the inauthenticity and meaninglessness of his life

32. Once he sheds his previous self, Gregor begins to delve into his own unconscious and confront the truth of his life.
Gregor evolves from psychological immaturity to the courage of self responsibility.
For the very first time in his life, Gregor becomes blissful and becomes a mature person.
Gregor dies with this realization, a transformed human being

33. Gregor Samsa represents a specific type of behavior—the fear of being alive with all of its risks/rewards and the embrace of an inauthentic code of behavior—which, in the end, is transformed into the acceptance of life with all of its vicissitudes.

34. How is this novella existential?