England Dutch Republic France

1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 England Dutch Republic France
Eng. Civ. Wars end (1648) London Fire (1666) England Stuart monarchy restored (1661) Eng. Civ. Wars begin (1642) Cromwell’s dictatorship ( ) Plague hits London (1665) Glorious Revolution (1688) James II Begins reign (1685) 1st Anglo Dutch- Naval War (1652-4) 2nd Anglo-Dutch Naval War (1665-7) 3rd Anglo- Dutch Naval War (1672-4) War of League of Augsburg ( ) Dutch Republic William III Marries Mary Stuart (1674) War of Sp. Succession ( ) Dutch indep. (1648) France 30 Yrs. War ends (1648) Louis XIII dies & Mazarin’s Regency begins (1643) Mazarin dies & Louis XIV begins his active reign (1661) War of League of Augsburg ( ) Dutch War 1672-8) Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes (1685) Louis XIV dies (1715) Fronde ( ) Fred-Wm The Great Elector Starts his reign (1640) N. War b/w Sweden, Prussia & Poland ( ) War of Sp. Succession ( ) Prussia Fred-Wm the Great Elector Dies (1688) Austria 30 Yrs. War ends (1648) War of League of Augsburg ( ) Turks besiege Vienna & start of War of Holy League vs. Turks (1683) War of Holy League ends (1699) Peter the Great dies (1725) Russia “Time of Troubles” ( ) Great N.War vs. Sweden ( ) Peter I’s Great Embassy (1697)

The cost of war for the Dutch (1579-1640)

,000 florins

,000 florins million florins

,000 florins million florins million florins

FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S
Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s Louis XIV jealous of Dutch wealth Wars (FC.95) England jealous of Dutch wealth Wars (FC.96B) Decline of Dutch Rep. by 1700 from cost & strain of wars

Netherlands largely below sea level
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S Netherlands largely below sea level How do they deal with that fact?

FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S A Netherlands largely below sea level Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea

An Extensive Landscape with a Road by a Ruin by Philips Koninck (1655)

Road on a Dyke by Meindert Hobbema (1663)

“God created the world, but the Dutch created the Netherlands”
Dutch polders, land reclaimed from the sea by use of windmills & drainage canals.

A series of windmills that gradually raises water to drainage canals

The Dutch fortress s’Hertengobosch which illustrates both the boggy nature of the Dutch landscape and how effectively they utilized it for defense.

Dredging rivers of silt was a never-ending process necessary to keep waterways open

FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S Q: Natural Resources? Netherlands largely below sea level Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Natural resources?

FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Location??

Netherlands largely below sea level By the sea & trade routes
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S A Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea

View of a Beach by Simon de Vlieger

View of the Sea by Salomon van Ruisdael

Stormy Sea by Hans Goderis

Mouth of the Scheldt River by Allart van Everdingen

Ships in Distress off a Rocky Coast (1667) by Ludolf Backhuysen

Storm by Wilhelm Van der Velde

The Schreierstoren (crying tower) where wives made their tearful farewells to sailors leaving Amsterdam

Netherlands largely below sea level By the sea & trade routes
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Impact on Dutch character?

Original basis for Dutch wealth & what happened to cause it?
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Original basis for Dutch wealth & what happened to cause it? Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s

What % of Eur’s protein? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S
HERRING & SALT*** Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes What % of Eur’s protein? Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s THE HERRING TRADE - Seasonal fishing, working way S. from June 24 (St. John's day) to Dec. -> Great resentment by other countries - Off season-> get salt from Bay of Biscay or Portugal - In addition, lucrative whaling ind. in Arctic waters w/2-300 Whalers - Herring valuable source of protein for W. Eur. - Dutch Rep. 40% urban

Yearly schedule? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT
- c. 40% Eur's protein Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Yearly schedule? Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s

# of ships & what were the big fishing boats called?
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea # of ships & what were the big fishing boats called? Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s

HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s

Dutch herring buss with fleet of returning East Indiamen in background

HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s

Dutch arctic whaling station

What did this generate? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S
HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s What did this generate?

$ ? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT
- c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits ? $

Where did they further develop trade?
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Where did they further develop trade? Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market

$$ What did they need to carry on that trade?
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures $$ Further develop foreign trade: What did they need to carry on that trade? Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market

Called what? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S Called what?
HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Called what? Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Efficient & cheap cargo ship Called what? Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market

Armament? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT
- c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts*** Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Armament? Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Science NewsIn SpaceThis issueSpecial GuestEarlier Storiesthe Lab SUMMARY: While frame-first constr.was potentially better since it could be planned out in advance on paper, Dutch hull-first ships remianed superior for a couple reasons probably: Early frame-first ships were designed by an educ. Elite w/o practical exper. Of what made a good hull design, while Dutch ships were made by illiterate but exper. & skillful shipwrights 2) Educ. Ren. Designers relied too much on idealized perfect geom. Shapes which were’t really that good for hull designs. Not until 1700s would more practical, but irregular lines be applied to hulls in frame-first constr.-> faster sleeker ships. The Duyfken By Nick Burningham Plank-first or frame-first? In building the replica Duyfken we've been investigating an historical paradox in Dutch shipbuilding which sheds a curious light on the development of science and technology. What I want to discuss is the change from plank-first shipbuilding to frame-first or skeleton-first construction, a profound change in the way a ship is conceived, and a change which has been given credit for making the Age of Discovery possible. Plank-first was the ancient way of building a planked vessel. Planked boats developed from dugout canoes, through the addition of a row of planks (called a strake by shipwrights), then more strakes, gradually introducing the need for some framing structure to help hold the planks together and to make rigid the shape of the plank shell. Above a certain size, some transverse struts or beams were necessary. The sequence in which these structural elements were put into the vessel during plank-first construction largely reflects the sequence in which they were invented, because the development from simple dugout canoe to large planked ship was incremental. In plank-first ship-building the planks can be attached to each other by a range of methods: edge dowelling, tenons, skew nails, stitching, sewing, fastenings through overlaps and temporary cleats were all used. Some techniques were suitable for the construction of relatively large ships. Some were very labour intensive, some less so, and some of those techniques are still used today. The hull was built as a shell of planks, the shape more or less sculpted by eye, plank by plank, following a plan in the master shipwright's head. Sophisticated hull shapes were possible, indeed likely, in maritime-oriented cultures. However, traditional plank-first methods made it virtually impossible to precisely follow a hull shape specified in scaled plans. Frame-first construction is quite different. A skeleton of frames is erected first and the planks are then fitted to that skeleton. The shapes of the frames can be derived from plans. When frame-first construction started in the Mediterranean region, perhaps 1500 years ago, it probably developed as a way of building cheap barge-like craft. It was cheap because it obviated the time-consuming work of edge-joining all the planks together with thousands of tenons, the Classical Mediterranean tradition of shipbuilding. By the time of the Renaissance and the European Age of Discovery, frame-first construction was used for building large ships in Italy, Spain and Portugal. It has been claimed that frame-first construction made it possible to develop large, sturdy ships, suitable for voyages of discovery and for carrying enough artillery to inspire trade with the local population for valuable spices, silks and metals. Why the sequence in which the components of a ship are assembled should make that possible is not explained. As the Renaissance spread north, frame-first technology spread to northern Europe, where it replaced lapstrake construction in which planks overlap one another and are fastened together through that overlap. Replacement of lapstrake was probably necessary for the successful building of large armed ships. Henry VIII brought Portuguese shipwrights to England to teach his shipwrights, and this might be seen as the inevitable diffusion of a superior technology. But the Dutch were not influenced by this new fad for frame-first construction, and the Dutch were far and away the most successful builders and operators of merchant shipping at the time. They invented their own economical way of changing from overlapping planks without abandoning the plank-first tradition in which their ships were conceived and shaped by eye. When the elements of a Dutch nation first coalesced, and began a war of independence against the Spanish monarchy in the 1570s, the people of the Netherlands owned more shipping tonnage than any other nation in Europe, something like six times as much as the English. The Spanish, who they were at war with, could not ban Dutch ships from their own ports, because they would have starved without the flow of grain in Dutch ships from Baltic ports. Letters and reports from that time and on through the 17th century, show that the English and Spanish, amongst others, regarded Dutch ships as superior in many respects. Dutch ships were fast relative to cargo capacity, economically built, shallow-drafted yet good sailers, requiring relatively few crew and they were more likely to survive a grounding, not because they were structurally superior, but because their shape was better. A letter probably written by the merchant Pedro Lopez de Soto in 1631 or '32, and translated by Paulo Monteiro, talks of their superiority. He wrote: 'I arrive at the conclusion that the Flemish nation has understood better than any other, maritime matters, and that they practice them with much more perfection than any other (nation), and they go with their ships all over the world and to places where ours cannot navigate because of the great storms there are in those regions, and the Turks from Argal and Zale, practicing piracy on the coasts of Italy and Spain, will not use anything other than Flemish ships ...' The ship Duyfken, which we have replicated in Fremantle, was involved in the crucial battle at Bantam, Java, where five Dutch ships drove away a fleet of 30 Portuguese ships and galleys, ending a century of Portuguese monopoly in the spice trade from the Indies. Technology and Culture The fact that the Dutch retained both their superiority and their ancient artisan skills in shipbuilding, while the rest of Europe was changing to more modern methods, seems incongruous and has been very difficult for some historians to accept. Either the Dutch were doing better in spite of clinging to outmoded technology, or the rest of Europe was pursuing a new technology for reasons other than pragmatism. There are a number of ways of looking at what was going on. Why was the rest of Europe following an apparently flawed technology? One explanation is that frame-first construction was imposed by the elite. The control of shipbuilding would then be placed into the hands of the educated elite who could design frame-first constructed ships on paper, or parchment. Therefore men other than the gifted artisans who worked their way up through apprenticeships, could be meaningfully in control of shipyards and ship design. This interpretation fits well since the frame-first system spread from strongly hierarchical societies, such as Spain, and was rejected in the Netherlands by the relatively egalitarian and democratic society that threw off the monarchy and became the first modern republic as the United States of the Netherlands. Another way of looking at it is suggested by Professor Carlo Cipolla's slant on Renaissance history. He suggests that European princes and polities sometimes became fascinated by the potential of technologies well ahead of realising any practical advantage. He points to the century or more when European princes were bankrupting themselves, vainly trying to develop cannons that would be more of a threat to their target than to their operators, and which were not so heavy as to be unmovable. Frame-first ship construction had scientific potential because it allowed the designing of a ship's shape on paper. The frames, or ribs are easily projected in two dimensions on paper, and then fabricated by relatively unskilled men following the plans. A hull shape could be reliably repeated or modified in controlled experiments. The potential for the development of naval architecture as a science was there in frame-first construction. But it didn't work very well. The problem was in the Renaissance approach: developing the shape of the hull using classical forms, arcs of circles, ellipses and tangents. It was an elegant approach but it produced distinctly sub-optimal shapes and it had to be fudged in shaping the sharp parts of the bow and stern below the waterline. It was not until the 18th century that the representation of irregular shapes by lines like contours on modern topographic maps was invented, and it was then that naval architecture was liberated to really experiment with hull shapes. Designs produced by formally trained naval architects could finally catch up with the designs produced by semi-literate, crudely numerate craftsmen on muddy beaches. And at the same time, the industrial revolution began to provide new advantages for a system in which a design could be mass-produced. Things go in cycles. Today, most modern shipbuilding uses shell-first construction again, yet development agencies are, or were recently, trying to introduce frame-first construction in Indonesia and the Maldives, nations with sophisticated indigenous traditions of plank-first construction. Apparently this is done with the assumption that they need to go through the frame-first phase in order to modernise. What might this tell us about how technologies are developed? It doesn't suggest any simple, neat model. It undermines a teleological or unilinear view that sees all developments between the first dugout canoe and the container ship, nuclear submarine 12-metre yacht, or whatever representative of current maritime technology you choose, as steps that needed to in the inevitable route to where we are now. Dutch shipbuilding was neither a necessary step in a preordained development, nor a mistaken evolutionary dead end that led nowhere. The development of technology is often seen as analogous to evolutionary survival of the fittest. But neither the economic rationalist understanding of evolution nor a more sophisticated analogy of Darwinism will fit well to the evolution of shipbuilding. The choice of shipbuilding technique in much of early modern Europe seems to have been neither economically rational nor an adaptation selected through environmental pressures. It was cultural pressures and humankind's ability to modify aspects of the environment to fit cultural requirements that were at play. It was not a question of ship design selected for maximum fitness to the challenging environment of the sea, nor even fitness to the economic environment, but shipbuilding technology that was selected through cultural choice. There is a way in which the Darwinism analogy does seem to fit: development of technology seems to be as contingent and full of unexpected turns, as the evolution of species.

Constr. tech’s? HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein
- Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space Constr. tech’s?

Advantage? HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein
- Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Superior bldg. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws Advantage?

Crew size & why? HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein
- Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Superior bldg. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build Crew size & why?

HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs

HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Efficient & cheap cargo ship Dominated? Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market

$$$ FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT
- c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market $$$

Problem 1: The Dutch ships had to pay a toll to go through the Danish Sound, the narrow strait between the North and Baltic Seas. The Danes estimated cargo space by just measuring the width of the beam at the center of the ship. What could the Dutch do to cut down on tolls? Build their ships with the hull pinched in at the middle.

Fire pumps, a vital piece of equipment on board wooden ships, witnessed major improvement with the introduction of Van der Heyden's hosepipe that could transport the water all the way to the fire itself. Van der Heyden's apparatus incorporated a suction pump mechanism with a pressure tank to ensure a continuous jet of water that could now reach the fire's centre. It featured a leather hosepipe reinforced inside with brass rings, so that the pipe remained flexible while ensuring that suction power wouldn’t be cut. The hosepipe pump could pump five to six times as much water as the older pumps. The spouts and hose connections had standard screw attachments so that every hose would fit every machine. It remained in use until the late 1800s.

$$$$ What domestic industries they were they developing…?
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market $$$$ What domestic industries they were they developing…?

$$$$$ FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT
- c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries And to handle all that money? Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market $$$$$

$$$$$ FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT
- c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market $$$$$

HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market

Interest rates during war?
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Interest rates during war?

HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market

HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market

The Bourse where businessmen & speculators made their deals on everything from wine & copper to tulip bulbs

Tulipmania

Tulips seem to have originated in the Himalayas, where their beauty and hardiness made them a symbol of life itself.

They became especially popular among the Arabs who cultivated gardens of them. Their popularity spread to the Turks. Suleiman the Magnificent had a tattoo of a tulip to serve as a protective talisman.

The first tulip bulbs to arrive in Antwerp in 1562 were mistaken for onions, so most of them were chopped up and eaten. Slice this up & put it on my cheeseburger, my dear.

Although people in the 1600s did not realize it, the most beautiful and sought after designs in tulips, such as the Semper Augustus shown here, are the results of a virus. At one auction in 1637, one bulb cost 5200 guilders, at a time when a university professor’s annual salary was 1200 guilders.

Hans Bolliongier, Still Life with Flowers, 1639
Hans Bolliongier, Still Life with Flowers, Because of their rare beauty, tulips became the subject of a number of still-life paintings by Dutch artists.

Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lecture-of Dr Nicolaes Tulp
Rembrandt’s The Anatomy Lecture-of Dr Nicolaes Tulp. The doctor’s original name was Claes Pieterzoon, but he had his name changed to Tulp (tulip) to show his love of the flower.

FC.93A “TULIPMANIA”: THE FIRST MODERN SPECULATIVE BOOM (1636-37)
Age of Explor.  New mkts & sources of $ (FC.81) Rich look for new ways to spend money Scientific Rev. of 1600s More interest in science (FC.97) Printing press circulation of new scientific findings (FC.74) Botany & gardening fashionable among the rich Difficult for artisans to make profit Trade w/Turks Tulips reach Antwerp by 1562 (FC.93) Tulips slowly reproduce  Ltd. supply Allure of eastern goods, scarcity of tulips, & little need for capital investment Lucrative to grow & trade them Growing speculative market in tulips Prices paid for tulips dramatically & rapidly rise Demand increases while supply remains constant Genes for most beautiful designs are recessive Unlikely a bulb will produce the desired design Buy bulbs w/goods, land, & even a trade ship for 1 bulb Buy bulbs on basis of future profits Danger of debt Eventually, people see tulips are extremely over-priced Everyone wants to sell No demand  Prices rapidly drop Panic since so many borrowed to buy Sudden collapse of “tulipmania”

A cartoon satirizing the tulip craze by portraying a tulip as a giant fool’s hat

The Folly of Tulip Mania by Jan Bruegel (1601-78)
The Folly of Tulip Mania by Jan Bruegel ( ). The tulip traders are portrayed as monkeys, symbols of foolishness.

An allegory of tulip mania by Hendrik Gerritsz Pot, circa 1640
An allegory of tulip mania by Hendrik Gerritsz Pot, circa Flora, the goddess of flowers, is blown by the wind and rides with a tippler, money changers, and a two faced woman. They are followed by dissolute Haarlem weavers, on their way to destruction in the sea.

Even though the speculative bubble popped, tulips still retained much of their value. In fact the craziness of Tulipmania served as good advertising for the flower and helped the industry in the long run. Louis XIV would buy 2,000,000 tulips a year from the Dutch for his palace at Versailles. They continue to be a major export for Holland (the Dutch Republic).

Now that they had all that $…?
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Now that they had all that $…?

1st to Italy & why? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S
HERRING & SALT - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. Cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices 1st to Italy & why? Italy to sell Polish Grain

Even trade with? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S Herring & salt
- c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper - Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Trade w/Turks Even trade with?

W. Indies for what & why? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S
Herring & salt - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for what & why? W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Trade w/Turks

Herring & salt - c. 40% Eur's protein - Port. & Bay of Biscay for salt (Dec.->June) - 500 (not 3k) Buses vs. small indep. ships whalers Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble Port. cuts salt -> W. Indies for salt Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Trade w/Turks

Fluyts - No guns->more space - Super.constr. tech’s: Mech. cranes & wind- driven saws -> 4/7 cost to build - Simpler rigging w/winches & tackles ->10 crew vs Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble - Port. cuts salt Sugar refining Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Trade w/Turks

Steps in the processing of sugar cane
Cart it to mills Cut the cane Run it thru rollers to squeeze out sugar Boil it down to get crystals

Then where for what? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S
Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble - Port. cuts salt Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Then where for what? Trade w/Turks

Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble - Port. cuts salt Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Trade w/Turks

The “Triangle” trade in the Atlantic

Then where? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S
Banking, stock mkt & domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble - Port. cuts salt Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar Then where? Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Trade w/Turks

Who controlled that trade up till now?
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble -> Trade w/Turks - Port. cuts salt -> W. Indies for salt -> Sugar -> Africa for slaves Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Trade w/Turks Who controlled that trade up till now?

FC.82 THE PORTUGUESE EMPIRE IN EAST ASIA (1498-c.1600)
Portuguese reach India in 1498 & 1500 (FC.81) Hostile Arabs control mkts No one wants Eur. goods Long distance b/w Eur. & Asia Portuguese return (1502) w/artillery on their big ships  Defeat two Arab fleets & force Indians to trade Portugal’s ltd. pop. & resources Portuguese, under Alfonse De Albuquerque seize strategic points & straits to blockade Arabs & control spice trade: Seize Goa as their main base in India Seize Ormuz to cut off Persian Gulf Fail to seize Aden & cut off Red Sea Get Molucca Straits & Spice Islands Reach China (1513) & act as middlemen trading Spanish-Amer. Silver for Chinese silk Portugal controls much of Asian spice & silk trade, but at huge cost: Expensive wars & hostility of Muslim Mughal Emp. in India Portugal expels Jews No MC to handle $  Spices go to Antwerp Costly & hard to maintain Asian forts & fleet from Europe Huge drain on Portugal’s ltd. popul. & resources Drastic cost-cutting measures: Cut corners by not maintaining their ships Hire half-trained Native crews to replace lost Eur. sailors Overpack ships with spices to make more $ Costly shipwrecks Decline of Portuguese Emp. B y 1600 Dutch take over Far East trade (FC.93)

domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble -> Trade w/Turks - Port. cuts salt -> W. Indies for salt -> Sugar -> Africa for slaves Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Trade w/Turks

Jan van Linschoten was a Dutch merchant working for Portugal in the late 1500s. While in Goa, he had access to top secret navigational maps that he meticulously copied. When he returned to Holland, he used these maps to show the Dutch how to sail around Africa to the Spice Islands.

domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble -> Trade w/Turks - Port. cuts salt -> W. Indies for salt -> Sugar -> Africa for slaves Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Trade w/Turks

Domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble - Port. cuts salt Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Trade w/Turks

domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble - Port. cuts salt Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->Dutch East Indies Company (1602) Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Trade w/Turks

Dutch Men of War defeat Portuguese galleys at Surat (1612)

Dutch East Indies Company station in Bengal

Dutch East Indies Company Fort at Batavia

Heavily armed spice fleet returning to Amsterdam

Domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble - Port. cuts salt Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins -> Dutch East Indies Company (1602) Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific They even explored? Trade w/Turks

Domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble - Port. cuts salt Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins -> Dutch East Indies Company (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks

Domestic industries - Child labor-> cheaper -Lowered interest 12->4% during war - Stock Mkt: tobacco, wool, etc Seek more markets - Famine (1590s) -> Italy for marble - Port. cuts salt Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins -> Dutch East Indies Company (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Danger of all this long-range trade & solution? Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Oliver van der Noort encountering natives along the coast of Chile during his circumnavigation of the globe.

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade 

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade 

The frigate (left) was much sleeker & better suited for long-range convoy duty than the bulkier man-of-war depicted on the right in The Cannon Shot by Willem van der Velde the Younger

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade 

Admiral de Ruyter ( ), one of the Dutch Republic’s greatest naval commanders. Unlike their French and Spanish counterparts who were nobles that saw their positions as a birthright, Dutch officers worked their way up the chain of command, starting as ships’ boys around the age of 12. By the time they became captains, they were intimately acquainted with just about every aspect of running a ship.

The crew and chain of command on company ships.
In theory, the senior merchant held supreme power on ship, but in reality the shipmaster took over when trade was no longer taking place. The chain of command under him along with their duties went as follows: • The chief boatswain (hogbootsman), roughly equivalent to a petty officer, supervised whole crew . • The boatswain was responsible for running and standing the rigging, especially for the main mast. • The rigger watched the foremast sails. • The helmsman also supervised stowage of goods and ship maintenance . • The steward distributed weekly rations of food and drink for all on board and also supplied the cook with victuals . • The marshal was in charge of order and discipline.

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominated? Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry

The Dutch help the Danes defeat the Swedes at the Battle of the Sound (1658)

City that especially benefited & how?
FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry City that especially benefited & how? Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Cultural Golden Age Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s

A Shipping Scene (with a Dutch Yacht Firing Salute) in Amsterdam Harbor by Jan van de Cappelle (1650)

Gerrit Berckheyde (1638-98) Kloveniersburgwal in Amsterdam

Berckheyde, View of Amsterdam City Hall & canal

View of Amsterdam by Jan van Heyden

The Hague, capital of the Dutch Republic, although Amsterdam was its real economic & cultural center

Factors  Golden age? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S
Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Cultural Golden Age Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry Factors  Golden age? Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Cultural Golden Age Factors: widespread $ Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Cultural Golden Age Factors: widespread $ ->Big mkt->small ptg's Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Cultural Golden Age Factors: widespread $ ->Big mkt->small ptg's - Freed.-> immigrants ->Spinoza & Descartes Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s

Who esp. hated Dutch? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S
Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Cultural Golden Age Factors: widespread $ ->Big mkt->small ptg's - Freed.-> immigrants ->Spinoza & Descartes Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry Who esp. hated Dutch? Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s Louis XIV jealous of Dutch wealth Wars (FC.95)

Who else was jealous? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S
Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Cultural Golden Age Factors: widespread $ ->Big mkt->small ptg's - Freed.-> immigrants ->Spinoza & Descartes Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s Louis XIV jealous of Dutch wealth Wars (FC.95) England jealous of Dutch wealth Wars (FC.96B) Who else was jealous?

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Cultural Golden Age Factors: widespread $ ->Big mkt->small ptg's - Freed.-> immigrants ->Spinoza & Descartes Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s Louis XIV jealous of Dutch wealth Wars (FC.95) England jealous of Dutch wealth Wars (FC.96B)

The English badly defeat the Dutch Fleet at Gabbard Shoal (1653)

A Dutch fire-ship fails to destroy the English flagship at Scheveningen (1653). Superior English firepower forced the Dutch to rely on fire-ships at this time.

Dutch victory over the British in the Four Days Battle (1664)

Dutch flagship explodes during the English defeat of the Dutch at Lowestoft (1665)

A Dutch raid up the Medway surprised the English & destroyed many of their ships in harbor (1667)

Dutch victory over the English at Texel (1673)

Impact on Dutch & why? FC.93 THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN THE 1600S
Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Cultural Golden Age Factors: widespread $ ->Big mkt->small ptg's - Freed.-> immigrants ->Spinoza & Descartes Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s Louis XIV jealous of Dutch wealth Wars (FC.95) England jealous of Dutch wealth Wars (FC.96B) Impact on Dutch & why? Decline of Dutch Rep. by 1700 from cost & strain of wars

Sugar refining - Cut cane -> cart it to mills -> run thru rollers -> boil to get crystals E. Asia for spices ->Seek NE & SW pass ->Jan van Linschuten circum. Afr. (1597) -> 2nd voyage -> 600K lbs. pepper & 250K lbs cloves -> 1.6m florins ->D.E.Ind.Co. (1602) -> Explore S. Pacific -> Oliver van der Noort circumn. globe ( ) LONG RANGE NAVY - Frigate: long range, shallow draught, 40 guns - Exc. sailors & capt's: - Tromp & de Ruyter - Bld. Ships for both Den. & Sw. (1644) & 4 for Louis XIV Cultural Golden Age Factors: widespread $ ->Big mkt->small ptg's - Freed.-> immigrants ->Spinoza & Descartes Netherlands largely below sea level Few natural resources By the sea & trade routes Need dikes, polders, windmills, & drainage systems to reclaim land from the sea Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Dutch are resourceful engineers, merchants & artisans Dutch win indep. from Spain in 1648 (FC.87) Base their trade on salted herring after herring shoals shift to N. Sea in 1400s Dutch make profits Invest profits in new ventures Further develop foreign trade: Further develop domestic econ: Trade in Baltic Russian furs, Scandin. timber, & Polish grain Efficient & cheap cargo ship Domin. carrying trade & ship bldg. ind. Textile, tobacco curing, munitions, soap, & sugar refining industries Finance institutions: Bank of Amsterdam (1609) & stock market Expand scope of trade in late 1500s: W. Indies for salt Sugar E. Asia for spices Italy to sell Polish Grain Africa to get slaves Explore S. Pacific Trade w/Turks Build excellent long-range navy to protect trade  Also dominate naval ship bldg industry Amsterdam the center of world trade & a cultural golden age in 1600s Louis XIV jealous of Dutch wealth Wars (FC.95) England jealous of Dutch wealth Wars (FC.96B) Decline of Dutch Rep. by 1700 from cost & strain of wars

England Dutch Republic France

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "England Dutch Republic France"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

England Dutch Republic France

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "England Dutch Republic France"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback