1. K.VAITHEESWARAN ADVOCATE & TAX CONSULTANT
GST
K.VAITHEESWARAN ADVOCATE & TAX CONSULTANT
Mobile:
Flat No.3, First Floor, No.9, Thanikachalam Road, T. Nagar,
Chennai , India
Tel.: / 4048
402, Front Wing,
House of Lords,
15/16, St. Marks Road,
Bangalore – , India
Tel : /
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2. BACKGROUND
1986 – Comprehensive Modvat Credit Scheme on inputs at the manufacturer level.
1994 – Modvat Scheme extended to Capital Goods.
2002 – Limited service tax credit scheme
2003 – Extended service tax credit scheme
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3. BACKGROUND
2004 – Cross sector credit through Cenvat Credit Rules, 2004.
2005 – VAT at the State level.
2016 – GST
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4. RELEVANCE OF GST ?
Both Government and industry are keen to implement GST.
Governments are looking at increasing the tax base and tax collections through GST.
State is looking at GST as a window for taxing services.
Centre is looking at GST to go beyond the point of manufacture.
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5. RELEVANCE OF GST
Industry wants GST to eliminate the cascading effect of taxes.
Industry considers GST as a path breaking tax reform in the field of indirect taxes.
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6. WHAT IS GST ?
GST is a tax on both goods and services across the supply chain.
It is levied at every stage of supply.
GST is a levy which commences from the manufacturer / producer / trader and goes upto the retailer .
An effective and efficient GST system would provide for elimination of the cascading effect of taxes.
The GST on inputs is generally available as a credit for set off against the GST on the output supply.
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7. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Internationally VAT is a levy on supply of goods and services.
Around 150 countries have implemented GST or a National level VAT.
Some countries such as Canada and Australia have implemented GST.
Brazil and Canada have a dual GST.
The credit mechanism is seamless.
Generally all sectors are taxed except for a few exceptions.
K.Vaitheeswaran

8. GST CANADA
National Sales Tax of 9% was proposed in 1989 to eliminate the tax on manufacturers.
It was projected that Canada would become more competitive through GST.
Stiff opposition from the public and liberal party promoted the ruling party to amend the Constitution to get a majority and the tax was introduced from
The Progressive Conservative Party lost the elections and the Liberal Party Leader promised to repeal GST.
However GST was modified and continued.
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9. FEDERAL STRUCTURE
Implementation of GST in a federal structure has its own complications.
The Federal, State and even the Municipality have their own powers and sources of revenue.
Empowered Committee has suggested a Dual GST which has been accepted by the Central Government.
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10. MULTIPLE TAXES – CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
Excise Duty
Countervailing Duty
Customs Duty
Duty of 4% under Section 3(5) of the Customs Tariff
Service Tax
Primary education cess
Secondary education cess
Products specific cess
Research and Development cess
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11. MULTIPLE TAXES - STATE VAT CST by originating State Entry tax
Octroi by Municipality
Entertainment tax
Luxury tax
Stamp duty and Registration fee
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12. CASCADING EFFECT - CURRENT SCENARIO
Excise duty charged by the manufacturer forms part of the price in the supply chain.
Since the cenvat credit is linked with manufacture, the dealer cannot set off the excise duty against any other tax.
CST purchases form part of cost as there is no VAT credit.
VAT has a cascading effect since sale price includes excise, customs, CVD.
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13. EXCISE DUTY – CURRENT SCENARIO
Multiple rates
Different valuation mechanisms
Deemed manufacture
Deemed marketability
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14. VAT – CURRENT SCENARIO Multiple rates
Different rates in different States
Different definitions
Multiple forms
Border controls
Cascading effect due to CST purchases
Deviations
Reversal of ITC on CST Transactions
Issues in refunds
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15. CST – CURRENT SCENARIO Origin based tax
No credit on CST purchases leading to cascading effect
Exempt stock transfer related distortions
Complex law on stock transfer and transit sales
CST Vs. VAT issues – Check post controls
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16. SERVICE TAX – CURRENT SCENARIO
Negative List based regime
Mega Exemption Notification
Exclusions from the definition of service
Transactions involving both goods and services
Dual taxation
Fastest growing collections
States demanding taxation of services
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17. SERVICE TAX – CURRENT SCENARIO
Classification disputes
Valuation disputes
Cenvat on input services
Construction industry
Manpower
Consideration disputes
Taxes on advances
Exemption Notifications
Reverse charge mechanism
Point of taxation
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18. SERVICE TAX Vs. VAT Software Intellectual Property Rights Restaurants
Works Contract
AMC Contracts
Goods Vs. Services
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19. SERVICE TAX VS. EXCISE DUTY
Commissioning and Installation
Drawings and designs
Software
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20. ROAD MAP TO GST
First Discussion Paper released by the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers on
Report of Task Force of 13th Finance Commission released on
Comments of Department of Revenue on the First Discussion Paper released.
Hon’ble Finance Minister made some key announcements on
Constitution (115th amendment ) Bill, 2011 introduced.
Report of Select Committee of the Parliament
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21. DUAL GST
The Empowered Committee has recommended a Dual GST which is based on the Federal Structure of our Constitution.
The Department of Revenue in its comments to the Discussion Paper has also endorsed Dual GST.
A Single GST is ideal but unlikely and the Constitutional Bill endorses dual GST.
Finance Minister has referred to Dual Rate – Dual GST for Goods and Dual GST for Services at a single rate
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22. CENTRAL GST (CGST)
CGST would be levied by the Centre through a separate statute on all transactions of goods and services made for a consideration.
Consideration ?
Exceptions would be exempted goods and services, goods kept out of GST and transactions below prescribed threshold limits.
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23. CENTRAL GST (CGST) This would subsume the following:
Central Excise Duty
Additional Excise Duty
Additional Excise Duty on medicinal and toilet preparations.
Countervailing Duty
Additional Duty under Section 3(5) of the Customs Tariff Act.
Service Tax
Cesses
Surcharges
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24. CENTRAL GST (CGST)
CGST would be a tax on all transactions of goods and services made for consideration.
It would be levied and collected by the Centre.
CGST would be levied across the value chain.
CGST rate
Single or Multiple rates
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25. CENTRAL GST (CGST)
Currently effective excise duty is at the rate of % or 6.18% depending upon the commodity.
Currently services are taxed by the Central Government at 12.36%.
Assuming there are two rates of CGST, the exemptions could move to a lower rate and lower rates could move to higher rates
Assuming the CGST rate is 12.77%, the centre would be collecting 12.77% on goods and services as against the current rate of 12.36%.
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26. DOES CGST MEAN REVENUE LOSSES ?
Many exemptions are likely to be withdrawn.
Will 1.5 crore exemption becomes Rs.10 lakhs exemption?
Threshold?
Levy on entire supply chain as against only on manufacture.
Scope of services is likely to widen.
Revenue loss ?
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27. Withdrawal of exemptions would mean new assessees.
WOULD CGST RESULT IN ADDITIONAL WORK AND STRAIN ON GOVERNMENT RESOURCES ?
Withdrawal of exemptions would mean new assessees.
Scaling down of SSI exemption from Rs.1.5 crores to Rs.10 lakhs would mean new assessees.
Levy on entire supply chain instead of only on manufacturers would mean more assessees.
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28. LEGAL ASPECTS OF CGST LAW
Paradigm Shift from a levy based on manufacture to a levy based on supply.
Manufacture is very restricted in scope and has resulted in distortions.
For the first time supply would be the focus and hence great care is required in drafting the key provisions of the statute.
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29. CGST & THRESHOLD LIMIT Impact on small industries.
Current unethical practices.
Administration of new assessees.
Political issues.
To illustrate a manufacturer with a turnover of Rs.1.5 crores would not have paid any excise duty whereas under CGST the liability would be Rs.15 lakhs assuming a 10% rate for the goods.
Credit of CGST may not be significant for absorption.
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30. CGST & EXEMPTIONS
Excise law has exempted various items for different reasons.
2% concessional rate of duty without cenvat and 6% with cenvat through notifications.
To illustrate food is not fully taxed under excise law;
Windmills and tractors are exempt from excise duty.
On the other hand VAT is payable on all kinds of goods except fruits, vegetables, milk, etc.; windmills, tractors.
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31. CGST & EXEMPTED GOODS Whether all exemptions would be withdrawn ?
Whether excise duty exemption would be reviewed and the CGST exemption list would be aligned with the SGST exemption list?
99 items currently exempt under VAT would be exempt from both CGST and SGST.
Concept of ‘nil’ rate does not exist in VAT.
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32. CGST & TRANSITION Cenvat credit
Stocks in the hands of wholesalers or distributors who have purchased from manufacturers.
Rates
Clarity on effective date.
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33. CGST & TRANSITION Appellate mechanism Audit Role of range / LTU
Whether small assessees would be administered by the State on behalf of the Centre ?
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34. STATE GST (SGST)
SGST would be levied by the States through statute on all transactions of goods and services made for a consideration.
Exceptions would be exempted goods and services, goods kept out of GST and transactions below prescribed threshold limits.
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35. STATE GST (SGST) Every State will have a SGST Statute.
Basic features of law such as chargeability, taxable event, measure, valuation, classification would be uniform across these Statutes as far as practicable.
State GST would be paid to the accounts of the respective State.
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36. STATE GST (SGST) SGST would subsume the following: VAT / Sales Tax
Entertainment Tax (could be levied by local bodies)
Luxury Tax
Taxes on lottery, betting and gambling
State cesses and Surcharges relatable to supply of goods and services
Octroi (could be levied by local bodies)
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37. STATE VAT EXPERIENCE Some States have a concept of industrial inputs.
Pondy taxes industrial inputs at 1%.
No distinction between capital goods and inputs in Andhra Pradesh.
Kerala taxes gold at 5%.
Many states have increased the revenue neutral rate
Some states have levied additional taxes
Some states have restricted ITC on CST sales
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38. STATE VAT EXPERIENCE
Andhra Pradesh has increased VAT rate to 13.5% and increased rates significantly on ATF.
Punjab increased from 4% to 5% on 29th January 2010.
Haryana has increased from 4% to 5%.
Tamil Nadu has increased from 4% to 5% and 12.5% to 14.5% w.e.f
Turnover taxes.
Complex forms.
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39. SGST States power to frame law and impose tax cannot be taken away.
Revenue compulsions.
Political largesse.
Size of the State.
Economic activity in the State.
Past legacy.
Elections.
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40. SGST - ISSUES
Previous FM had requested that States should also levy SGST on goods at a two tier structure of 6% and 10% and tax services at 8%.
State rate at 13.91%?
SGST on services at 13.91% would increase the overall levy on services from 12% to 26.68%. (CGST + SGST)
Currently many products attract VAT at 12.5% to 14.5% which would mean a climb down to 13.91%.
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41. SGST - ISSUES
A State like Goa is unhappy with the current VAT threshold limit of Rs.5 lakhs whereas SGST limit is at Rs.10 lakhs.
A State like Tamil Nadu has got the highest compliance levels and hence assessee base has not expanded due to VAT.
Even though services revenue would compensate States, not all States have fantastic service sector operations.
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42. LEGISLATION Constitutional amendments are required.
Draft legislation for CGST to be prepared.
Suitable model legislation for SGST to be prepared.
Rules and procedures for CGST and SGST to be prepared.
IGST legislation with Rules and procedures to be drafted.
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43. CONSTITUTION – SIMPLE EXERCISE ?
A number of amendments are required to implement a proper framework for GST.
Centre needs the power to tax beyond manufacture and State needs the power to tax imports as well as services.
Amendments require 3/4th majority of the Parliament and ratification through resolution by 50% of the States – Article 368(2)(c).
115th Constitutional Amendment has been introduced and will have to be modified based on the recommendations of the Parliament Committee and the agreement with the States.
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44. PETROLEUM PRODUTS
EC wants sales tax and central levy to continue on petroleum products (crude, motor spirit including aviation turbine fuel and HSD) and to keep the items out of GST.
Task Force makes a distinction between emission fuels and industrial fuels.
Constitutional amendment indicates that the petroleum products would be kept out of GST.
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45. ALCOHOL & TOBACCO
Alcoholic beverages to be kept out of GST. States can continue to levy sales tax / VAT and excise duty on these items.
Tobacco to be kept out of GST.
Impact on companies dealing with tobacco as well as other products.
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46. KEY FEATURES OF CREDIT MECHANISM
CGST can be set off against CGST
SGST can be set off against SGST
CGST cannot be used for set off against SGST and vice versa.
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47. INTER-STATE TRANSACTIONS
Centre would levy IGST which would be CGST + SGST.
IGST would be levied on all inter-State transactions of taxable goods and services with appropriate provision for consignment or stock transfer of goods and services.
Inter-State dealer will pay IGST after adjusting available, IGST, CGST and SGST on his purchases.
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48. IGST The seller in State-A will pay the IGST to the Centre.
While paying IGST the seller will adjust against available credit of IGST, CGST and SGST.
State Government-A will have to transfer the credit of SGST used by the seller for payment of IGST to the Centre.
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49. IGST Buyer in State-B can avail credit of the IGST charged.
Buyer in State-B can use the IGST to discharge output tax liability in his own State.
Centre has to transfer credit of IGST used for payment of SGST to State Government-B.
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50. IGST – ILLUSTRATION
Tamil Nadu seller selling to Karnataka buyer for Rs.1,00,000/-.
IGST payable assuming an 8% rate is Rs.8,000/-.
Rs.8,000/- can be paid by adjusting
Inter-State purchases (IGST) Rs.3,000/-
Local purchases (CGST) Rs.1,500/-
Local purchases (SGST) Rs.1,500/-
Since dealer has used SGST of Tamil Nadu to the extent of Rs.1,500/-, Tamil Nadu has to transfer Rs.1,500/- to Centre.
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51. IGST – ILLUSTRATION
IGST of Rs.8,000/- is availed as credit by Karnataka buyer.
Karnataka dealer sells the goods at Rs.2,00,000/- attracting CGST of say Rs.16,000/- and SGST of Rs.16,000/-.
If IGST of Rs.8,000/- is used to pay the SGST then the Centre has to transfer Rs.8,000/- to Karnataka Government.
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52. IGST Transfers are only between Centre and State.
No transfer from one State to another State.
Process may be facilitated through a clearing house mechanism.
Every State would be both selling and purchasing State and therefore there would be netting of funds through the clearing house.
In terms of Article 269A as proposed, IGST would be levied and collected by the Government of India and such tax shall be apportioned between Union and States in the manner as may be prescribed by Parliament by law.
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53. IGST
Supply of goods or services or both in the course of import into the territory of India shall be deemed to be IGST.
Parliament by law may formulate principles for determining when a supply of goods or of services or both takes place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce.
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54. ADVANTAGES OF IGST MODEL
Uninterrupted ITC chain
No refund claim in exporting State as ITC is used up while paying tax.
Self-monitoring model.
Computerization limited to inter-State dealers and Governments.
Borders disappear due to seamless credit system.
Tax driven business distortions would disappear.
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55. ADVANTAGES OF IGST MODEL
Biggest drawback in VAT is the concept of local purchases linked credit.
Tax cascade in the current systems resulting in higher prices – motor car.
Increase in cost of operating business due to creation of depots / warehouses / factories all over the country.
IGST credit would mean direct sales to dealers instead of stock transfer route.
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56. AREAS OF CONCERN IN IGST
Stock transfers would not disappear and consequently impact of IGST on transfers to branches / consignment agents located outside the State.
In stock transfers there is upfront outflow of IGST whereas the turn around time for sale could be higher.
If customer cannot take credit, IGST is prohibitive.
Assuming hospitals are not in GST, IGST rates charged would be extremely high.
Government as a buyer will have to pay more compared to the current rates.
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57. AREAS OF CONCERN IN IGST
Inter-unit movement
Job work transactions
History has shown CST Vs. Local Tax in the receiving State disputes.
IGST Vs. SGST (possibility of State insisting that SGST is applicable)
Whether CGST or IGST? (rate issue)
Significant challenge in drafting law for inter-State services.
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58. AREAS OF CONCERN IN IGST
Inter-State sale is defined in terms of Section 3 of the CST Act in respect of goods.
Sale should occasion the movement of goods from one State to another.
Jurisdiction to tax established through Section 4.
Litigation as to what is a CST Sale despite clear provisions, tangible items, physical movement and proof of movement.
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59. AREAS OF CONCERN IN IGST
Whether a sale is a CST sale or a local sale in the other State is still the matter of dispute even after nearly 55 years of existence.
Reasons for disputes
New law would be a challenge since the principles will have to cover both goods as well as service tax and also be linked with supply as against sale of goods / provision of service.
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60. IGST
Goods and services tax would mean any tax on supply of goods or services or both except taxes on the supply of petroleum products and alcoholic liquor.
No GST on supply of petroleum and liquor.
Centre to retain power to levy excise duty on petroleum products and tobacco?
State to retain power to levy tax on the sale of alcohol and petroleum products?
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61. IGST – COMPLEX SCENARIOS
CST law by Parliament and revenues assigned to the State.
CST law is a tax on inter-State sale of goods.
IGST law would be a tax by Parliament on supply of goods or services or both.
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62. IGST – GOODS – DESIGN – RATE ISSUES
The rate of IGST for goods can change depending upon SGST if the SGST rates are different.
To illustrate, if mobile phones attract CGST of 6% and State-A imposes SGST of 10% and State-B imposes SGST of 6% then
(a) IGST is based on SGST origin rates then 16% if goods are sold from State-A to State-Z.
(b) IGST based on SGST origin then 12% if goods are sold from State-B to State-Z.
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63. IGST – GOODS – DESIGN – RATE ISSUES
Differing SGST rates can be an issue.
Whether to adopt SGST origin rate or SGST destination rate needs to be spelt out in the IGST legislation
What happens if SGST is exempt in one State but taxable in another State ?
Since IGST is levied by the Centre, SGST linked with SGST destination rates can cause chaos.
Challenging but relevant solution – SGST rates should not differ.
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64. IGST – SERVICES - ISSUES
If a supply of service is in the nature of inter-State supply – IGST will apply.
If supply of service is local then CGST + SGST will apply.
What is the line of the distinction between inter-State service and intra-service?
When there is so much of disputes on goods, services are not going to be easy.
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65. GST ON IMPORTS
Both CGST and SGST would be levied on import of Goods and Services into the country.
Tax would be based on destination principle.
Tax revenue in the case of SGST will accrue to the State where the imported goods and services are consumed.
Full set off of GST on imports will be available.
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66. GST – SERVICES – DESIGN - ISSUES
Taxation of services can be a big challenge in GST system.
If only select services are taxed then the scope and ambit and coverage becomes an issue and the intended objective of revenue and growth in GDP may not fully materialize.
If all services are taxed it is very difficult for somebody to understand whether he is providing service or not for the purpose of taxation.

67. CAN ALL SERVICES BE TAXED?
Transportation of goods by road
Non-A/c Rail – Passengers
Taxis, Autos, Public transport
Health care
Doctors
Film Industry
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68. SERVICES & GST
What would constitute an inter-State service would be a challenge.
Very difficult to determine inter-State character when services are involved.
head office in Mumbai executes an agreement with a client having office in Mumbai for providing services through out the country.
Which SGST is applicable ?
Assuming client office in Delhi, whether IGST ?

69. SERVICES & GST Treatment of reimbursements, incentives.
Professional based in Bangalore providing audit services for a client in Delhi.
If IGST is determined based on invoice reference, acceptability by States has to be ensured.

70. SERVICES AND GST
If every State seeks to tax services then compliance would be required in multiple States even though the operations would be very minor in that State.
Unlike a manufacturer the small service provider does not have a very big finance team or employees all over the country with expert knowledge on taxes.
Compliance issues.
Increase in cost of compliance.

71. JEWELLERY Jewellery exempted from duty.
Attempted levy on branded jewellery in 2005.
Branded jewellery completely exempted in 2009.
Another round of attempted levy from
VAT on jewellery.
CGST at 13.91% ?
SGST at 12.77?
Special GST rate for Jewellery

72. GST COUNCIL – Article 279-A
GST Council to make recommendations to the Union and States
(a) taxes, cesses, surcharges levied by the Centre, States and local bodies which may be subsumed in GST.
(b) Goods and Services that may be subjected to tax or exempted from tax.
(c) Threshold limits
(d) Rates of goods and services tax.
(e) Any other matter relating to GST as the Council may decide.
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73. GST – DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AUTHORITY – Article 279B
Authority to be created by law of Parliament.
Complaint by a State Government or the GoI arising out of a deviation from any recommendation of the Council resulting in loss of revenue to State / Centre or affecting harmonized structure of GST.
Chairperson – A person who has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or CJ of High Court to be appointed by President on the recommendation of Chief Justice of India.
Two other members of Dispute Settlement Authority shall be persons of proven capacity and expertise in the field of law, economics or public affairs to be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the GST Council.
Power to pass suitable orders including interim orders.
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74. GST COUNCIL - ISSUES
States power to frame law and impose tax cannot be taken away.
Federal structure has to be respected.
Revenue compulsions.
Size of the State.
Economic activity in the State.
Past legacy.
Elections.
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75. DIFFERENCES TO BE SORTED OUT
Petroleum Products
Threshold – States want 10 lakhs whereas Centre wants 25 lakhs
Rate – Sub-committee has suggested SGST at 13.91% and CGST at 12.77%
Compensation – Constitution Provisions?

76. GST – ISSUES FOR GOVT. Computerization Administration of new assessees
Exemption limits
Rate of tax – balancing concerns
Initial inflation
Consensus
Availability of time
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77. GST – ISSUES FOR INDUSTRY
Awareness
Computerization and accounting records
Availability of time
Long term contracts
Investment decisions
Cost of compliance
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78. CONCLUSION April 1st, 2016? Rate of GST Industry preparedness
Existing business structures and compatibility with GST.
Training both for Industry and Government
Learning and the art of unlearning
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79. K.VAITHEESWARAN ADVOCATE & TAX CONSULTANT
THANK YOU
K.VAITHEESWARAN ADVOCATE & TAX CONSULTANT
Mobile:
s :
Web:
Flat No.3, First Floor, No.9, Thanikachalam Road, T. Nagar,
Chennai , India
Tel.: / 4048
402, Front Wing,
House of Lords,
15/16, St. Marks Road,
Bangalore – , India
Tel : /