1. The Coming of War
Chapter 14

2. Section 1: Dictators and War

3. Why it Matters
WWI and the Great Depression impacted almost every corner of the globe.
Dictatorship and totalitarianism were able to grasp many states (nations)

4. Focus Question: Why did totalitarian states rise after World War I, and what did they do?

5. A Bitter Peace Unravels
With the end of WWI and the Treaty of Versailles nations again were divided over the terms of peace.
During the 1920’s many nations moved toward democracy and others in the opposite direction of totalitarianism
Totalitarianism – a theory of government in which a single party or leader controls the economic, social, and cultural lives of its people

6. Checkpoint: What legacy did World War I leave behind?

7. Characteristics of a Totalitarian State
Single-Party dictatorship
Strong, charismatic leader often at head of government
State control of the economy
Use of police, spies, and terror to enforce the will of the state
Government control of the media and use of propaganda to indoctrinate citizens
Use of schools and youth organizations to spread ideology
Strict censorship of artists, intellectuals, and political rivals

8. Repression in the Soviet Union and Italy
The 1917 Russian Revolution was the first totalitarian state (Lenin)
His programs resulted in civil war, starvation ,famine, and death of millions of Russians

9. Stalin’s Grip on the Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin (man of steal) - took Lenin’s place as the head of the Communist Party
His attempts to transform the Soviet Union into an industrial power caused millions of deaths (purges)

10. Mussolini’s Fascist Party Controls Italy
Italian totalitarianism was in many ways a result of the war, peace treaties, and economic depression.
Benito Mussolini – Fascist Party, trumpeted nationalism and promised to make Italy great again.

11. Checkpoint: How did Stalin and Mussolini maintain their power?

12. Aggressive Leaders in Germany and Japan
After WWI Germany became a democracy (Weimar Republic)
Economic woes and runaway inflation plagued the young government

13. The Nazis Rise
The National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi began to threaten the republic
They were not socialists or communist or any ism that promoted class interests or workers’ rights above German ethnic solidarity

14. Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler – led the Nazi Party, failed artist, wounded and decorated WWI soldier
Wrote Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”) stated the problems facing Germany
His most piercing criticisms were of the communists and Jews

15. Anti-Semitic Anti-Semitic – prejudice against Jewish people
Anti-Semitism had troubled Europe for centuries, motivated by religious intolerance and economic resentment

16. Hitler Seizes Power
Recognizing the power of Hitler’s party president of the Weimar Republic appointed Hitler chancellor of Germany in 1933
Over two years he became chancellor and president then consolidated his power
This was a totalitarian regime (secret police) pgs. 438, 440

17. Militarists Gain Power in Japan
Reasserting power, military leaders argued that expansion through out Asia would solve Japan’s economic troubles
Japan did not become a totalitarian state, but remained a constitutional monarchy

18. The Japanese Expand Their Empire
In 1931 Japan attacked Manchuria
1937 Japan moved against China, gaining control over major Chinese railroad links and coastal areas
The “Rape of Nanjing” 200,000

19. Checkpoint: How did the Great Depression affect political life in Germany and Japan?

20. Dictators Turn to Aggression
Germany and Italy resorted to acts of aggression similar to those of Japan in Asia
The League of Nations was powerless to do anything

21. Hitler and Mussolini Threaten the Peace
Hitler focused on restoring Germany’s economy, army, navy, and air force in direct defiance of the Treaty of Versailles
Hitler spoke of the need to gain Lebensraum, living space
Mussolini invaded Ethiopia with many pleas and little response for the League of Nations

22. Fighting Breaks out in Spain
Spanish Civil War – bloody conflict that raged from 1936 until 1939.
Fascist rebels fought against Spain's democratic Republic aided by Hitler and Mussolini

23. Checkpoint: Why did the League of Nations fail to halt German and Italian aggressions?

24. Aggression Goes Unchecked
Appeasement – policy of granting concessions to a potential enemy in the hope that it will maintain peace
French and British policy in the 1930s’

25. Cont.
Anschluss (AHN shloos) – in the spring of 1938 Austria’s entrance into the Reich
Munich Pact – the agreement Chamberlain reached at conference with Germany declaring “peace for our time,” this only delayed WWII for 11 months

26. Checkpoint: Why did Britain, France, and the U. S
Checkpoint: Why did Britain, France, and the U.S. not stop fascist aggression in the 1930’s?

27. From Isolation to Involvement Section 2

28. Why it Matters
Roosevelt condemned aggression in Asia but did little to stop it, while Britain and France continued appeasement in Germany

29. Focus Question: How did Americans react to events in Europe and Asia in the early years of WWII?

30. Roosevelt Opposes Aggression
Roosevelt criticized Japan’s aggression by calling it “reign of terror and international lawlessness”
Roosevelt suggested that no part of the world was truly isolated (pg. 444)

31. War Erupts in Europe Hitler Launches a Blitzkrieg Against Poland
Blitzkrieg – sudden attack (lighting war)
France Falls to the Axis Powers
Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, Japan
Allied Powers – Britain, France, Soviet Union, U.S., China
Winston Churchill – British Prime Minister
The Battle of Britain is fought in the air. (pg. 446)

32. Checkpoint: Which side seemed to be winning the war at the end of 1940?

33. Americans Debate Involvement
America Favors Isolation
Theories behind why the U.S. became involved in WWI
Interventionists Urge Support for the Allies
Neutrality Act of 1939 – cash and carry provisions

34. Cont. Isolationists Argue for Neutrality
Trade would automatically involve the U.S., argued The America First Committee
Roosevelt inches toward involvement with the Tripartite Pact – making allies of Germany, Italy, and Japan

35. Should the U.S. Enter World War II
Isolationist Viewpoint -
Interventionist Viewpoint - Make a list of both viewpoints using your text.

36. Checkpoint: According to interventionists, how would aiding the Allies actually keep the United States out of war?

37. America Takes Steps Toward War
Lend-Lease Act – authorized Roosevelt to “sell transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government any defense article”

38. Cont.
Atlantic Charter – document that endorsed national self-determination and an international system of “general security”
U.S. Navy Battles German U-Boats

39. Checkpoint: How did the United States support the Allies after Roosevelt’s reelection?