1. Chapter 9-- Joints

2. Famous Quotes
I figured my body always would be able to repair itself. I think all of us believe that – until you begin to age and get hit with deteriorating joints. Lee Majors
It had not occurred to me that marriage requires the same effort as a career. And unlike a career, marriage requires a joint effort. Jessica Savitch ( )

3. Ch. 9 (Joints) Study Guide
Critically read Chapter 9 pp before 9.3 (Anatomy of selected diarthroses). Study all figures in the PowerPoint slides as well.
Comprehend Terminology (those in bold in the textbook) within the reading scope above
Study-- Figure questions, Think About It questions, and Before You Go On (section-ending) questions (within the reading scope above)
Do end-of-chapter questions—
Testing Your Recall— 1-4, 6-7, 9, 11-16, 18
True or False– 2, 4, 5, 9, 10
Review/study review sheet document (4 pages) posted on Blackboard 3 3

4. I. Overview of the joints

5. Figure 9.1– a gymnast and joint flexibility

6. § Why Knuckles Crack and Joints Creak
Some peoples' bodies play a percussive symphony of cracking and creaking, thanks to the large orchestra of noise-making human joints.
What's behind it all?

7. § Joints and their names
What are joints?
Arthrology = study of the joints
Kinesiology = study of musculoskeletal movement (motion of human body)
How joints are named?
From the names of the bones involved
Ex. The atlantoccipital joint
Ex. The humeroscapular joint

8. II. Functional classification of joints

9. Are all joints able to move?
Immovable joints– where? Why?
Less movable– ex. vertebral column; why?
Moveable—shoulder, elbow, knee
Functional classification (freedom of movement)
synarthrosis (little/no movement) (“Syn”--together)
amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
diarthrosis (freely movable) (‘Dia”– through)

10. III. Structural classification of joints

11. § Structural classification
How adjacent bones are joined?
Bony joints (synostosis; synarthrosis)– two bones fused
Fibrous joints (synarthrosis)—held together by collagen fibers; lack a synovial cavity
Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthrosis)– held together by cartilage; lack a synovial cavity
Synovial joints (diarthrosis)– having synovial (joint/articular) cavity (Fig. 9.5 next slide)

12. Fig. 9.5 Synovial Joint
Joint in which two bones are separated by a space called a synovial (joint) cavity
Most are freely movable

13. § 1. Bony Joints (Synostosis)
Gap between “two bones ossify”– become a single bone
TWO frontal/mandibular bones in infants
Can occur in either fibrous joints or cartilaginous as well; Examples:
Aging: cranial sutures (fibrous joints) destroyed (ex. Parietal bones fuse) in elderly
Aging: attachment of first rib to the sternum (cartilaginous joint) becomes a synostosis with age

14. § 2. Fibrous Joints (Synarthrosis-Amphiarthrosis)
Collagen fibers span the space between bones
Three kinds of fibrous joints
A. Sutures— the fibers are short and allow for little movement
B. Gomphoses— the fibers are also _____ and allow for little movement; between teeth and the jaw
C. Syndesmoses—longer fibers and more movable
Figure 9.2

15. Fig. 9.2 Suture Syndesmosis Gomphosis Fibrous Connective Tissue
R. Tibia B A
Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

16. Fibrous Joint – A. Sutures
Immovable fibrous joints
Bind bones together; only in skull
3 types— (Fig. 9.3 next slide)
Serrate sutures - interlocking lines
coronal, sagittal and lambdoid sutures
Lap sutures - overlapping beveled edges
Between temporal and parietal bones; Name the suture?
Plane sutures - straight, nonoverlapping edges
palatine processes of the maxillae
Suture

17. Three types of suture--
Serrate suture
Lap suture
Plane suture
Bone
Wood
Dovetail joint
Miter joint
Butt joint

18. Fibrous Joint – B. Gomphoses
Attachment of a tooth to its socket
Held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament
Consisting of collagen fibers attach teeth to jawbones (which bones?)
Little movement (Synarthrosis) while chewing
Gomphoses

19. Fibrous Joint – C. Syndesmosis
Two bones bound by broad fibrous sheet called
Interosseous membrane
More/less movable than that of sutures/gomphoses
Examples: radius to ulna (a more movable one, Amphiarthrosis) allow supination and pronation (next slide); tibia to fibula (less movable one)
Tibia & fibula
Syndesmosis

20. Supination and Pronation
For example: In the forearm
Supination
rotation of forearm so that the palm faces forward
Pronation
rotation of forearm so the palm faces to the rear A B
Supine means up. In order to carry a bowl of soup, your hand must be in the supine position

21. Check point question #1--
Functionally, why are sutures classified as synarthroses, and syndesmoses as amphiarthroses?
9-21

22. § 3. Cartilaginous Joints (amphiarthrosis)
Two bones are linked by cartilage
Two types–
A. synchondroses and
B. symphyses

23. Cartilaginous Joint – A. Synchondrosis
Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
Examples:
First rib attachment to sternum (A on the right)
Temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis in growing bones: called Epiphyseal ?__________ A B,
next

24. Cartilaginous Joint – B. Symphyses
2 bones joined by fibrocartilage
Examples:
See figure at right
Only slight amount of movement is possible
Examples– 1 & 2 on the right 2 1

25. Check point question #2--
What is the structural difference in histology between a synchondrosis and a symphysis?
9-25

26. IV. Focusing on synovial joints

27. § 4. Synovial Joint
Most are freely movable; two bones in fact Do / Do not touch each other
Two bones are separated by a space called A. _________ cavity (with fluid in it) and a soft tissue called B._____________
B. Articular cartilage -- hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces
Synovial fluid —a lubricant; feeds cartilages B A
Next slide

28. § Synovial joints Joint (Articular) capsule encloses joint cavity
(Outer) Fibrous capsule: continuous with periosteum
(Inner) synovial membrane; secretes ____________
Articular discs or menisci: cartilage grows inward and forms pads (Fig c-d; 8.39)
jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee joints
absorbs shock, guides bone movements and distributes forces
Tendon: attaches muscle to bone
Ligament: attaches bone to bone

29. Knee Joint

30. Right Knee Joint – Superior View
PCL
Medial meniscus & lateral meniscus absorb shock and shape joint ?
ACL
Lateral condyle of tibia
Medial condyle of tibia

31. Anterior view Posterior view
9-31

32. § Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
Bursa = a sac filled with synovial fluid
Tendon sheaths = elongated bursae lined with synovial membrane and wrapped around a tendon
Ulnar bursa
Tendons (flexor digitorum)
Tendon sheaths

33. Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
Bursa = a sac filled with synovial fluid
(Locations) between muscles or between a tendon & a bone etc.; Good examples– Shoulder joint etc. Fig. 9.24
Tendon sheaths = elongated bursae
(Locations) where there is considerable friction; such as the hand, wrist, fingers, the ankle, foot, toes etc.
Functions of bursa and tendon sheaths:
Reduce friction in joints (such as the shoulder),
Cushion the movement of one body part over another

34. Fig. 9.24 Humeroscapular joint

35. Check point question #3--
A) What is the functional classification of synovial joints?
B) Why is a meniscus in an interphalangeal joint unnecessary?
9-35

36. V. Types of synovial joints

37. § 6 Types of Synovial Joints—in descending order of mobility1.

39. 1. Ball-and-Socket Joints
Features: Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression
Examples:
(shoulder) head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula
(hip) head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone
Type: only multiaxial joints in the body
Demonstration: (next slide)

40. Planes of movement (A-C) & axes of rotation
Shoulder joint has 3 degrees of freedom = multiaxial joint;
Other joints – monoaxial or biaxial
Axis of rotation– Def.--perpendicular to the plane of movement; examples— A, B, C A
The arm rises in the frontal plane C B
The arm rotates in the transverse plane
The arm moves through the sagittal plane

41. Planes of movement & axes of rotation
A—Abduction (away from midline) vs. adduction
B—Flexion (decreases a joint angle) vs. extension
C—Medial (internal) rotation vs. lateral rotation
The arm rises in the frontal plane C B
The arm rotates in the ______ plane
It moves through the _________ plane

42. 2.

44. 2. Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
Features: Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next
Examples:
radiocarpal joint of the wrist
metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers
Type: Biaxial joints– why?
Demonstration: index finger (or 2nd - 5th digits) and Fig. 9.21

45.     Metacarpophalangeal joints
When someone is abducted, they are taken away, just as abduction takes the limb away from the body. During adduction, the limb is added to the body.    
Metacarpophalangeal joints

46. 3.

47. Condyloid joint  

48. 3. Saddle Joints
Features: Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction and convex in the other bone (like a sitting rider)
Examples: trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb
Type: Biaxial joint (see demo below)
Demonstration:
A) frontal plane (palmar abduction)
B) sagittal plane (opposition)
primates’ anatomical hallmark: __________
Fig. 1.5 & 9.21 c-d

49. Primate adaptations: Monkey
The thumbs became opposable; they made the hands prehensile
Human

50. Figure 9.21d 
ID this movement of thumb

51. Figure 9.21e 
ID this movement of thumb

52. 4.

53. 4. Gliding (plane) Joints
Features: Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other
Examples: Fig. Z tarsal bones
between the carpal bones of the wrist,
the tarsal bones of the ankle,
articular processes of the vertebrae
Type: Biaxial joints
Demonstration: head is tilted side-to-side and back-and-forth, the vertebrae slide accordingly

54. Can Talented Naval Medics Interest Lazy Cubs?
Calcaneus
Talus
Cuboid
(Intermediate)
(Lateral)
Medial cuneiform
Gliding

55. 5.

56. Anterior view
Capitulum
Funny bone

57. 5. Hinge Joints
Features: One bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on other bone
Examples:
ulna and humerus at elbow joint (trochlea of the humerus fits into the trochlear notch of the ulna)
femur and tibia at knee joint (tibiofemoral)
finger and toe joints (interphalangeal)
Type: Monaxial (uniaxial) joints
Fig. 9.25b

58. A hinge joint --the elbow
(Trochlear notch)

59. 6.

61. 6. Pivot Joints
Features: One bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other
Examples:
proximal radioulnar joint; the radius pivots during pronation and supination
atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis to atlas); Fig (rotation of the atlas)
Type: Monaxial joints
Demonstration: see next 3 slides

62. Supination and Pronation
For example: In the forearm
Supination
rotation of forearm so that the palm faces forward
Pronation
rotation of forearm so the palm faces to the rear   A B

63. of the atlas (the next slide)

64. Anterior arch
(C1) ?
(C2)

65. Check point question #4--
Which of the 6 type of synovial joints are biaxial?
Give one specific example for each biaxial synovial joint.
9-65

66. Questions (muddiest points)?