1. The Renaissance, Reformation and Scientific Revolution
Unit 1 Study Guide
The Renaissance, Reformation and Scientific Revolution

2. Study Guide 1a. What was the Renaissance? Description and Meaning:
Critical rebirth of Greek and roman ideals
era of creativity change and innovation
Artists and scholars produced great work
Age of examination and exploration
Significance and Impact:
Great art was produced, era of humanism, expression, individuality.
Explored many areas they couldn’t before

3. 1b. Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?
Geography:
peninsular nation-trade
Roman ruins-near byzantine
Central Europe
Were church was centered
Economy:
Trade
Church gave money to artisans
Rich people gave money to artisans
Society:
People were becoming individuals and wanted to live life to the fullest
Government: lots of money

4. 2a. What was humanism? Definition: The humanities: Impact/ effect:
Interest in the ancient world and renewed interest in learning and education
The humanities:
Examples: languages, math, history, etc. (the subjects you take)
Impact/ effect:
Renewed interest in logical thinking, art, and religion

5. 2b. How did the art and literature of the time reflect humanist thought?
Examples of individualism:
Portraits (the Mona Lisa – by da Vinci)
Secularism:
Art that focuses on worldly matters (Bruegel’s landscapes of peasant life)
Idealism:
An ideal society (Utopia by Sir Thomas Moore)
Realism:
Detailed Paintings that portray how things really look (Rabbit – by Durer)
Skepticism:
Questioning Authority/ Tradition (Copernicus is skeptical about geocentric universe)

6. *3a. How did the Renaissance Expand North?
Economic reasons:
The printing revolution led more people to read, and more books were sold.
Influence of artists:
Many art styles emerged; portraits, different color usage, and realism in art.
Impact of New Technology:
Ideas spread because the printing press

7. 3b. Compare and Contrast Northern and Italian Renaissances
Similarities in art and literature
Differences in humanism
Individualism:
Artists in both Italy and Northern Europe embrace expressions of individualism
EX: Portraits
Paintings that focus on individual expressions
Realism :
Artists in both embrace realism in their work
EX: The rabbit and The David
Secularism:(worldly matters)
Italy: becomes more secular as Catholic church becomes more concerned with political power, etc.
Northern: Martin Luther and Protestant Reformation focus on religion
Skepticism:
Italy: Catholic church embraces traditions and older views
Northern: Scientific thinkers, religious leaders all question Catholic authority

8. - Indulgences, corruption, less education…
4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther to break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
Explain the secular interests and practices of the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s.
- Indulgences, corruption, less education…
What were Indulgences? What were their purpose?
Pieces of paper that the Catholic church sold to lesson a souls time in purgatory for sins they had committed

9. What were the 95 Theses? How did they spread throughout Europe?
4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther to break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
What were the 95 Theses? How did they spread throughout Europe?
95 arguments by Luther on why indulgences are bad.
Spread by printing press
What were Luther’s 3 major ideals concerning the Christian religion?
Salvation through faith alone
Bible source of all religious truth
Anyone can interpret the bible (don’t need Catholic Church)

10. What was the Diet of Worms? What was the result?
4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther to break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
What was the Diet of Worms? What was the result?
Meeting where Luther is ordered by the Pope to recant (take back) his 95 Theses….. Luther refuses and is thrown out of the church

11. 5. Compare and contrast the religious views of the Roman Catholics, Martin Luther and John Calvin.
What were the major tenets of Christianity that all three believed and taught?
All Christen, believe in the bible, Jesus, etc.
How did their views differ on attaining eternal salvation? (reaching Heaven)
Catholics – need good works, and faith
Luther – need JUST faith
Calvin – Predestination (only god can determine who goes to heaven)

12. How did they view the role and interpretation of the Bible?
Catholics – Bible interpreted by the Church
Luther and Calvin – Bible interpreted by ANYONE
What differences existed in terms of the leadership and organization of their churches?
Catholics – One leader = Pope
Luther and Calvin – elected council

13. Henry VIII’s personal issues:
6a. Explain the reasons behind the decision of Henry VIII of England to start the Church of England.
Henry VIII’s personal issues:
His wife can no longer have any children and he needs a male heir
Secular and political issues:
Without a male heir England could fall into civil war
Catholic church wont let him get divorced because Henry’s wife is related to the Holy Roman Empire and Pope needs his political support

14. How did Henry’s reforms continue during the short reign of Edward VI?
6b. How did Henry VIII’s children handle religious issues during their reigns?
How did Henry’s reforms continue during the short reign of Edward VI?
Edward VERY protestant
Suppress all catholic teaching/ beliefs
What happened to Protestantism during the rule of Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)?
Mary VERY Catholic
Brings back Catholicism

15. 6b. How did Henry VIII’s children handle religious issues during their reigns?
What decisions did Elizabeth I make concerning the religion of England?
Elizabeth Protestant but chooses a middle road and allows some Catholic rituals to remain in Protestant country

16. 7a. What was the Catholic Reformation?
What were the purpose and goals of the Catholic Reformation in the mid-1500s?
Religious upheaval that sought to reform the church

17. 7b. In what ways did it respond to Protestant ideas?
What was the role of the Council of Trent?
To help direct the way people should take the reform; To make and start the reformation.
Who were the Jesuits? What were their responsiblities?
The Jesuits were missionary soldiers
The spread the catholic faith and protected it.

18. 7b. In what ways did it respond to Protestant ideas?
What was the Inquisition? What was the Index of Forbidden Books?
The Inquisition was a church council
This court used torture, secret testimony and execution to rid of heresy
The Index of Forbidden Books was a list of works that was against the catholic faith.