1. Non-Mendelian Genetics
i.e. exceptions to Mendel’s Rules

2. Recall Incomplete Dominance
pattern of gene expression in which the phenotype of a heterozygous individual is intermediate between those of the parents.

3. Codominance
the condition in which both alleles in a heterozygous organism are expressed.
Ex. Roan horses or cows

4. Multiple Alleles genes with three or more alleles
Ex. Blood types- there is an A, B, and O allele (IA, IB, i)
(More on this when we discuss blood type genetics)

5. Polygenic Trait- when several genes influence one trait.
Ex. Eye color, height, hair, and skin color
Height is a polygenic trait

6. Skin color is a polygenic trait
Skin color is a polygenic trait. The greater the total number of dominant alleles, the darker skin color an individual will have. For this example, assume 3 genes control this trait as shown in the chart:
6 dominant (ex. AABBCC) – extremely dark skin
5 dominant (ex. AABBCc)– very dark skin
4 dominant (ex. AaBBCc)- dark skin
3 dominant (ex. AaBbCc) - olive skin
2 dominant (ex. aaBbCc) - light skin
1 dominant (ex. aaBbcc)- very light skin
0 dominant (ex. aabbcc) – extremely pale skin
If a father with the genotype AABbcc has a child with a mother whose genotype is aabbCc, what are the chances their child will have the genotype AaBbCc? What would the phenotype of this child be?

7. Anemia, infections, weakness, impaired growth, liver and spleen failure, death.
Traits (phenotypes) associated with the sickle cell allele.
Pleiotropy
one gene that affects more than one seemingly unrelated phenotypes

8. Epistasis
one gene masks the expression of a different gene for a different trait
Ex. The gene for albinism masks the effects of genes for skin, hair, and eye color.

9. Influence of Environment
phenotype depends on conditions in the environment.
Ex. Arctic fox, Siamese cats, height, and skin color
Temperature sensitive –
The cold extremities (ears, nose, tail, and feet) express pigmentation while the warm body does not)

10. Practice Problems

11. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE:
Yellow coat color in guinea pigs is produced by the homozygous genotype YY
Cream color by the heterozygous genotype Yy
White by the homozygous genotype yy.
What genotypic and phenotypic ratios are matings between cream-colored individuals likely to produce?
1:2:1
yellow: cream: white

12. 1:2:1 RR:Rr:rr 1:2:1 Red:Roan:White
CO-DOMINANCE:
In cattle, reddish coat color is not completely dominant to white coat color. Heterozygous individuals have coats that are roan colored (ie. reddish, but with spots of white hairs).
What would be the results of the following crosses:
a. red x roan:
b. white x roan:
c. red x white:
d. roan x roan:
Genotype phenotype
1:1 RR:Rr 1:1 Red: Roan
1:1 Rr:rr 1:1 Roan:White
All Rr all Roan
1:2:1 RR:Rr:rr :2:1 Red:Roan:White

13. Outline a breeding procedure whereby a pure breeding strain of red cattle could be established from a roan bull and a white cow:
First cross a roan bull with a white cow; next cross two roan progeny and 25% should be red.

14. Height in humans is polygenic. Each upper case letter adds 3”
Height in humans is polygenic. Each upper case letter adds 3”. Males (aabbcc) are 5’ and females (aabbcc) are 4’ 7”.
How tall would a male with the genotype AaBbCc be?
5’9”
A female?
5’4”
Probability that mating with this male & female result in a child that is homozygous recessive for all three traits?
(1/4)3 = 1/64
How tall would that child be if it were a girl?
4’7”

15. Epistasis
In Labs, black is dominant to chocolate (B or b). Yellow is recessive epistatic (when present, it blocks the expression of the black and chocolate alleles) E or e.
Determine the number of chocolate labs produced from a black female and a yellow male (BbEe x bbee)
Phenotype
Possible Genotypes
BBEE BbEE BBEe BbEe
bbEE bbEe
BBee Bbee bbee

16. BbEe x bbee BE Be bE be
BbEe
Bbee
bbEe
bbee
Color
Black
Yellow
Brown

17. What are the genotypes of their offspring?
Pea Plants
In sweet peas, purple flower color (P) is dominant over white (p), but there is also a control gene such that if the plant has a “C”, the purple has “permission” to express itself.
If the plant is “cc”, the purple does not “have permission” to express itself and the flower will be white anyway.
If a plant with homozygous purple, controlled flowers(CC) is crossed with a plant with white, non-controlled(cc) flowers, diagram the Punnett square for the F1 and F2 generations and calculate the phenotype ratios.
First, what are the genotypes of the parents in the first generation?
PPCC and ppcc
What are the genotypes of their offspring?
PpCc

18. What are the phenotypes?
What is always the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross:
genotype
P-C-
P-cc
ppC-
ppcc
9: Dominant for both traits
3: Dominant for first trait and recessive for second
3: Recessive for first train and dominant for second
1: Recessive for both traits
What are the phenotypes?
P-C- purple
P-cc white
ppC- white
Ppcc white