Medical Terminology Chapter 12 Reproductive System

Medical Terminology Chapter 12 Reproductive System
NWTC Medical Terminology

Medical Terminology 10-501-101
Function The male and female reproductive systems include the gonads (ovaries and testes), where sex cells and hormones are produced, and other organs, ducts, and glands that transport and sustain the egg or sperm cell. NWTC Medical Terminology

Anatomy and Physiology
Female reproductive system includes: Ovaries produce Sex cells Hormones Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Accessory glands External genital structure NWTC Medical Terminology

Combining word form genit(o) Organ of reproduction Another word form for genitals is Genitalia Uro/genit/al means Pertaining to the urinary and reproductive system NWTC Medical Terminology

Combining word form means woman or female Gynec(o) The medical specialty that treats disease of the female reproductive tract is: Gynecology Gynecoloc/ic means pertain to gynecology or Study of diseases that occur only in female NWTC Medical Terminology

Internal structures Left ovary and associated left fallopian/uterine tube Right ovary and associated right fallopian/uterine tube Uterus Vagina Special glands NWTC Medical Terminology

Combining word form ovari(o) Structure of the ovary Suffix –an means Pertaining to Ovarian means Pertaining to the ovary Combining word form oophor(o) Diagnostic and surgical terms NWTC Medical Terminology

Disease of the ovaries is oophoropathy Combining word form salping(o) means Uterine tube Surgical removal of a uterine tube is Salpingectomy Combining word forms uter(o) hyster(o) and metr(o) means Uterus NWTC Medical Terminology

Greeks use the word hysterikos to refer to Suffering in the womb Emotional upheaval caused by this suffering Combining word forms vagin(o) and colp(o) means Vagina Combining word form cysto(o) means Bladder NWTC Medical Terminology

External structures Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris Prepuce Opening to glands Paraurethral Vestibular NWTC Medical Terminology

Combining word form vulv(o) means External genitalia in the female Vulv/ar or vulv/al pertains to the Vulva Vestibule is Any space or cavity at entrance to a canal Combining word form perine(o) means Perineum NWTC Medical Terminology

Combining word form cervix means Neck Colpo/cervic/al refers to Vagina and cervix NWTC Medical Terminology

Combining word form metr(o) means Uterus or to measure The uterus is composed of three layers of tissue Perimetrium outer most layer Myometrium middle layer Endometrium means inner most layer NWTC Medical Terminology

Prefix peri- means Around Combining word form my(o) means Muscle NWTC Medical Terminology

Monthly cycle of growth and discharge of endometrium is Menstrual cycle Hypothalamus and pituitary gland secrete hormones that act on the ovaries Production of ova Production of estrogen Production of progesterone NWTC Medical Terminology

Cyclic bloody discharge from shedding of the endometrium Menstruation Female reproductive cycle begins at Puberty The first menstruation is the Menarche Natural cessation of reproductive cycle is Menopause NWTC Medical Terminology

Secretion of female reproductive hormones follows monthly cyclic patterns that affect the ovaries and uterus Ovarian cycle Menstrual (uterine) cycle NWTC Medical Terminology

Ovarian phase Follicular phase days 1-5/6-12 Growth of follicle Secretion of estrogen Ovulation is days 13-14 Ova released by the follicle Luteal phase days 15-28 Follicle becomes corpus luteum Secretes progesterone NWTC Medical Terminology

Uterine (menstrual) phase Menses days 1-5 Blood is shed form the vagina Proliferative phase days 6-12/13-14 Growth of the endometruim Proliferative phase continues Secretory phase days 15-28 Continued growth of endometruim Secretion of glycogen NWTC Medical Terminology

Diagnostic Tests & Procedures
Physical assessment of female reproductive system includes Breasts External genitalia Pelvis Instrument for examining vagina Vaginal speculum NWTC Medical Terminology

Cyto/logy is Study of cells Cells of cervix examined to detect vaginal infections Yeast, Bacteria,Trichomonas Pap smear for Cancer cells NWTC Medical Terminology

Suffix –plasia means development or formation Prefix dys- means bad Dysplasia mean Abnormal (bad) development of cervical cells Colposcopy is using a colposcope to magnify the mucosa of the vagina and cervix NWTC Medical Terminology

Cervical biopsy Endometrial biopsy Hysteroscopy Direct visualization of cervical canal and uterine cavity Excision of cervical polyps or biopsy NWTC Medical Terminology

Detecting masses Pelvis ultrasonography Computed tomography (CT scan) Radiologic examination of uterus and fallopian tubes Hystersalpingography Often done to look for obstruction of fallopian tube NWTC Medical Terminology

Examination of abdominal cavity with a laparoscope Can be done to view pelvic cavity Laparoscopy NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Menorrhagia Abnormally heavy or long menstrual period Metorrhagia Hemorrhage of the uterus NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation Dysmenorrhea Painful or difficult menstruation Mittelschmerz Abdominal pain in the region of the ovary during ovulation NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Nervous tension, irritability, edema, headache, and painful breasts that can occur the last few days before the onset of menstruation NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Cervicitis Inflammation of the cervix Possible Causes Chlamydia Yeast (Candida ablicans) Trichomonas vaginalis Gonorrhea NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Vaginitis Inflammation of vaginal tissues Possible causes Sexual intercourse Following childbirth After taking antibiotics Colpitis NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Vulvitis Inflammation of vulva Vulvovaginitis Inflammation of vulva and vagina NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Oophoritis Inflammation of an ovary Oophoralgia Ovarian pain Oophorosalpingitis Inflammation of an ovary and fallopian tube NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Anovulation Absence of ovulation Possible causes Altered ovarian function Side effects of medications Result of disease Stress NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Polycystic ovary syndrome Anovulation Amenorrhea Infertility Caused by Increased levels of testosterone, estrogen, and lutenizing hormone and decreased secretion of FSH NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Ovarian Cancer Leading cause of death from reproductive cancers Difficult to diagnose Usually spread by the time it is found Sonography or CT scan to look for ovarian mass Often requires exploratory surgery NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Salpingocele Hernial protrusion of a fallopian tube Salpingitis Inflammation of a fallopian tube Ectopic pregnancy Outside the uterine cavity Tubal pregnancy Implanted in the fallopian tube NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Infection that involves the upper genital tract beyond the cervix Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) Sudden high fever Headache Confusion Acute renal failure Abnormal liver function Caused by staphylococcus Most common among women who use tampons NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Uterine cancer Stage I uterus only Stage II cervix also involved Stage III spread beyond uterus but still within pelvic cavity Stage IV spread beyond the pelvis most often spreading to liver and/or lungs NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Hysteroptosis Uterine prolapse Uterine displacements Anteversion Retroversion Anteflexion Retroflexion NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Uterine leiomyoma Uterine fibroid (benign tumor) Cervical polyps Myometritis Inflammation of the myometrium Endometritis Inflammation of the endometrium NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Endometriosis Abnormal condition in which endometrium tissue is outside the uterus, usually within the pelvic cavity Vulvitis Inflammation of the vulva Leukorrhea Normal white discharge before and after the menstrual period NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Colpodynia Pain of the vagina Cystocele Protrusion of the bladder through the wall of the vagina Rectocele Rectum is displaced causing bulging of the posterior vaginal wall NWTC Medical Terminology

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
An agent that prevents pregnancy Prefix contra- (against) Contraceptive Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Combination of estrogen and progesterone Transition symptoms High risk for osteoporosis, abnormal loss of bone density, and deterioration of bone tissue NWTC Medical Terminology

Treatments for infections of the vulva, vagina, or cervix Oral antibiotics Topical antibiotics Vaginal creams Vaginal suppositories NWTC Medical Terminology

Suturing of the vagina is Colporrhaphy Surgical repair of the vagina is Colpoplasty Surgical fixation of an ovary is Oophoropexy NWTC Medical Terminology

Oophoro/hyster/ectomy is Removal of ovaries and uterus Oophorectomy is Removal of the ovaries Oophorosalpingectomy is Removal of uterine tube and an ovary Salpingo-oophorectomy is Hyster/ectomy Removal of the uterus NWTC Medical Terminology

Hysterectomy with bilateral oophorosalpingectomy Removal of the uterus and both ovaries and both fallopian tubes Colpo/hyster/ectomy is Removal of uterus by way of the vagina Laparo/hyster/ectomy is Removal of uterus through a small opening in the abdominal wall NWTC Medical Terminology

Excision of uterine tube is Salpingectomy Tubal ligation Permanent sterilization Dilation and curettage (D & C) Cervix dilated Scraping of endometrium NWTC Medical Terminology

Suffix –therapy means Treatment Treatment for dysplasia Biopsy Cryo/therapy Cold treatment Cautery Irradiation NWTC Medical Terminology

Surgical fixation of a displaced uterus Hysteropexy Surgical fixation of uterine tube is Salpingopexy NWTC Medical Terminology

Anatomy & Physiology-Male
Male reproductive system Produces, sustains and transport sperm Introduces sperm into female vagina Produces hormones Primary organ of male reproductive system is Male gonads testes NWTC Medical Terminology

external genitalia scrotum testicles penis NWTC Medical Terminology

internal genitalia vas deferens prostate gland urethra NWTC Medical Terminology

sperm singular spermatozoon plural spermatozoa NWTC Medical Terminology

urologist medical doctor specializing in treating diseases and disorders of urinary system of females, genitourinary system of males NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathology Of Male Reproductive System
balanitis - inflammation of glans penis impotence - erectile dysfunction - inability to achieve or maintain an erection phimosis - narrowing of foreskin NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathology Of Male Reproductive System
anorchism - absence of one or both testicles cryptorchidism - undescended testicles-one testicle fails to descend into scrotum epididymitis - inflammation of epididymitis NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathology continued hydrocele - hernia in the testicles or tubes testitis - inflammation of one or both testes varicocele - varicose vein of testicle (may cause male infertility) azoospermia - absence of sperm in semen NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathology continued oligospermia - low sperm count benign prostatic hypertrophy - BPH - enlarged prostate prostate cancer - most common cancer in males - slow or fast growth NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathology continued prostatitis - inflammation of the prostate gland prostatorrhea - discharge of prostatic fluid through urethra prostatomegaly – enlarged prostate NWTC Medical Terminology

Diagnostic Procedures Of Male Reproductive System
PSA - prostatic specific antigen - blood screening test to check for cancer of prostate sperm analysis - sperm count - semen is analyzed to determine sperm count, shape, size and motility TSE - testicular self-examination - monthly self exam to check for abnormalities NWTC Medical Terminology

Treatment Procedures Of Male Reproductive System
circumcision - surgical removal of foreskin orchidectomy - surgical removal of one or both testes varicocelectomy - removal of portion of enlarged vein to relieve varicocele NWTC Medical Terminology

Treatment Procedures Of Male Reproductive System
castration - bilateral orchidectomy - surgical removal of both testicles sterilization - procedure to make individual incapable of reproduction NWTC Medical Terminology

Treatments continued vasectomy - portion of vas deferens is removed to prevent sperm in semen vasovasostomy - procedure to restore fertility after vasectomy NWTC Medical Terminology

Treatments continued prostatectomy - surgical removal of all or part of prostate gland radical prostatectomy - surgical removal of entire prostate gland, seminal vesicles and some surrounding tissue NWTC Medical Terminology

Treatments continued TURP - transurethral resection of the prostate - removal of all or part of prostate through the urethra radiation therapy - treatment to control prostate cancer hormone therapy - treatment to control prostate cancer NWTC Medical Terminology

Chapter 13 Reproduction and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Medical Terminology Chapter 13 Reproduction and Sexually Transmitted Diseases NWTC Medical Terminology

Reproduction Gonads Ovaries Testes Produce ova and sperm A gamete is a reproductive cell Ovum Spermatozoon NWTC Medical Terminology

Reproduction Zygote The product of fertilization Suffix –blast means Embryonic or early form Ooblast is Immature ovum NWTC Medical Terminology

Reproduction Combining word form for amni(o) means Amnion Pertaining to amnion is Amniotic Combining word form chori(o) Chorion Pertaining to chorion is Chorionic Amniochorionic pertaining to 2 membranes NWTC Medical Terminology

Reproduction Placenta Highly vascular structure that nourishes the fetus Oxygen, nutrients, and antibodies diffuse from the mother to fetal blood vessels Fetal wastes diffuse from the fetal blood into the maternal blood Placenta secretes progesterone to maintain the uterus during pregnancy NWTC Medical Terminology

Pregnancy and Childbirth
Prefix pre- means before Combining word form nat(o) means birth Another name for pregnancy is Prenatal period or gestation A term that means childbirth is Parturition NWTC Medical Terminology

Average period of gestation is 266 days from the date of fertilization. (38 weeks) Expected date of delivery 280 days from the first day of the last menstrual period. (40 weeks) NWTC Medical Terminology

Suffix –gravida refers to Pregnant female Prefix primi- means First Primi/gravida is Female during first pregnancy Gravida I NWTC Medical Terminology

Prefix multi- means many multi/gravida means Female pregnant more than once Combining word form par(o) or suffix –para means Producing or bearing viable offspring Par/ous refers to Producing viable offspring NWTC Medical Terminology

Para I means or primi/para is Female produced one viable offspring Prefix quadri- means Four Prefix nulli- means None Nulli/para Produced no viable offspring NWTC Medical Terminology

Labor Process by which the child is expelled from the uterus Three stages of labor Cervical dilation Expulsion Placental and postpartum stage NWTC Medical Terminology

4th stage – Postpartum Hour or two after delivery when uterine tone is established Cesarean delivery Surgical procedure in which the abdomen and uterus are incised and the baby is removed from the uterus NWTC Medical Terminology

Postpartum – after birth Prefix ante- means before Ante/natal refers to Time before birth Prenatal also means the time before birth NWTC Medical Terminology

Postnatal means Time after birth Prefix neo- means new Neo/natal refers to First 28 days after birth Neonate is a Newborn child NWTC Medical Terminology

Branch of medicine specializes in care of newborn is Neonatology Physician specializes in neonatology is Neonatologist NWTC Medical Terminology

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Hormone that is tested for in pregnancy tests Pelvimetry Measurement of the pelvis used to estimate the size of the birth canal Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) Baby’s head too large with birth canal too small Most likely a cesarean will need to be done NWTC Medical Terminology

Sonography (Ultrasound) Used to assess for structural abnormalities and monitor fetal development Amniocentesis Used to aid in the assessment of fetal growth and diagnosis of genetic defects or other abnormalities NWTC Medical Terminology

Chorionic villus sampling Used for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects Fetoscope Stethoscope for assessing fetal heart rate Electronic fetal monitor Used during labor to monitor the fetal heart and record the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Ectopic or extrauterine pregnancy Whenever a fertilized ovum implants anywhere other than the uterus (outside the usual place) Uterine tube Ovary Cervix Abdominal cavity Products of fertilization are removed surgically NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Suffix –cyesis means pregnancy Prefix pseudo- means false False pregnancy is Pseudo/cyesis May be psychogenic or caused by a physical disorder NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Preeclampsia Acute high blood pressure Proteinuria (protein in the urine) Edema Eclampsia Seizures Coma NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Abruptio pregnancy Separation of the placenta from the uterine wall after 20 weeks Placenta previa Placenta is implanted abnormally in the uterus Stillbirth fetus died before or during delivery NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Dystocia Abnormal or difficult labor Down syndrome Extra chromosome (#21) Moderate to severe mental retardation Additional genetic defects NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Hemolytic disease of the newborn Maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility Erythroblastosis fetalis Immature bed blood cell Baby born anemic NWTC Medical Terminology

Pathologies Fetal presentation entering birth canal Cephalic (normal) head Breech buttocks Shoulder NWTC Medical Terminology

Amniotomy Deliberate rupture of the fetal membranes Oxytocin Used as a drug to induce or augment uterine contractions Episiotomy Surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the female perineum to enlarge her vaginal opening for delivery NWTC Medical Terminology

Combining word form lapar(o) means Abdominal wall Incision of the abdominal wall is Laparo/tomy Suturing of the abdominal wall is Laparorrhaphy NWTC Medical Terminology

Contraception Against conception Birth control Oral Implants Patches Injectable Intrauterine device (IUD) NWTC Medical Terminology

Spermicide Chemical substance that kills sperm Permanent sterilization of a female is Tubal ligation Permanent sterilization of a male is Vas/ectomy vasovasostomy - procedure to restore fertility after vasectomy NWTC Medical Terminology

Hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus) Conception is not possible after surgery Infertility Condition of not being able to produce offspring In vitro fertilization (IVF) Fertilization of the ova takes place outside of the body NWTC Medical Terminology

Abortion Termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is capable of surviving outside of the uterus Spontaneous – miscarriage Deliberate NWTC Medical Terminology

Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Caused by infectious organisms passed form one person to another through Anal Oral Vaginal intercourse NWTC Medical Terminology

Venereal disease (STD’s) named for Venus goddess of love Causes of STD’s are Viruses Bacteria Protozoa Fungi Parasites NWTC Medical Terminology

Gonorrhea Caused by gonococcus bacteria (gram negative intracellular diplococci Heavy urethral discharge in males Females may be asymptomatic Treated with penicillin NWTC Medical Terminology

Syphilis caused by a spirochete Characterized by Lymphadenopathy Chancre Congenital syphilis NWTC Medical Terminology

Chlamydia infection symptom is Dys/uria Difficult (painful urination) Complication PID Herpes genitals Viral infection characteristic Genital blisters and ulceration NWTC Medical Terminology

Genital herpes during pregnancy can cause Spontaneous abortion Stillbirth Congenital birth defects Prevented by cesarean section NWTC Medical Terminology

Condyloma acuminatum is commonly called Genital warts At risk for cervical cancer HIV virus causes AIDS Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C NWTC Medical Terminology

Trichomoniasis is caused by a Protozoan Candidiasis is an Fungal infection Vulvovaginitis Inflammation of the vulva and vagina Pubic lice NWTC Medical Terminology

Chapter 12 and 13 Class Exercises NWTC Medical Terminology

Meaning of Word Parts Ante- before colp(o) vagina metr(o) uterine tissue or measure cervic(o) cervix, uteri or neck -cyesis pregnancy NWTC Medical Terminology

Meaning of Word Parts Pre- before ecto situated outside -para female who has given birth hyster(o) uterus extra- outside NWTC Medical Terminology

Meaning of Word Parts Lapar(o) abdominal wall orchid(o) testes genit(o) organs of reproduction men(o) month gon(o) genitals or reproduction NWTC Medical Terminology

Meaning of Word Parts Multi- many primi- first neo new post after or behind nulli- none NWTC Medical Terminology

What is the Combining Form?
Sperm spermat(o) egg o(o) ovary oophor(o) hidden crypt(o) NWTC Medical Terminology

birth nat(o) chorion chori(o) uterine tube salping(o) NWTC Medical Terminology

Male - Female - Both Laparohysteropexy female anorchism male endometrium epididymitis hysterosalpingogram NWTC Medical Terminology

Male - Female - Both Metrorrhagia female vas deferens male uterine leiomyoma toxic shock syndrome orchidectomy NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it mean? Formation of an opening into a uterine tube salpingostomy outside of the uterus extrauterine occurring after birth postnatal surgical fixation of an ovary oophoropexy NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it mean? Inflammation of the prostate prostatitis pertaining to the testes testicular inflammation of the uterine lining endometritis uterine prolapse hystoptosis suture of the ductus deferens vasorrhaphy NWTC Medical Terminology

Spelling Prostratitis prostatitis menorhagia menorrhagia vulvektomy vulvectomy histerctomy hysterectomy varicosele varicocele NWTC Medical Terminology

Spelling Epididimitis epididymitis laporoscopy laparoscopy trichamoniasis trichomoniasis urojenital urogenital NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it Mean? Ovary female gland Amniocentesis surgical puncture of the thin membrane that covers the fetus Myometritis inflammation of the muscular substance/layer of the uterus NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it Mean? Fetus 3 month old developing organism Circumcision surgical removal of the prepuce Prostatectomy excision of all or part of the prostate gland Aspermatogenesis absence of sperm production NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it Mean? Cryptorchidism or cryptorchism undescended testicle Anorchism congenital absence of testes unilateral or bilateral, a synonym for anorchidism Dilatation and Curettage dilatation of the cervical opening and scraping of the uterine wall NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it Mean? Laparoscopy examination of the interior of the abdomen with laparoscope, another term for pelvic peritoneoscopy Oophoropathy any disease of the ovary Salpingectomy excision of an uterine tube Hysteropexy surgical fixation of the uterus NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it Mean? Oophoroma ovarian tumor Salpingoplasty surgical repair of an uterine tube Hysteromalacia abnormal softening of the uterus Colpoplasty surgical repair of the vagina Orchiepididymitis inflammation of testicle and epididymis NWTC Medical Terminology

Uterine tube salping(o) Chorion chori(o) Birth nat(o) Hidden crypt(o) NWTC Medical Terminology

Semen semin(o) Ovary oophor(o) Egg o(o) Sperm spermat(o) NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it mean? Ante- before Extra- outside Hyster(o) uterus -para female who has given birth NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it mean? Ecto- situated outside Pre- before -cyesis pregnancy Cervic(o) cervix, uteri, or neck NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it mean? Metr(o) uterine tissue or measure Colp(o) vagina Laparohysterectomy removal of the uterus Laparotomy incision of the abdominal wall NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it mean? Abortion termination of pregnancy before fetus is capable of survival outside the uterus Human chorionic gonadotropin a hormone that is present in body fluids of pregnant females and forms the basis of most pregnancy tests NWTC Medical Terminology

What does it mean? Neonatologist a physician who specializes in conditions of newborns Postnatal the time after birth Ectopic outside the usual place Salpingocyesis tubal pregnancy NWTC Medical Terminology

Medical Terminology Chapter 12 Reproductive System

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Medical Terminology Chapter 12 Reproductive System

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