1. Forces Types of forces Contact and non-contact forces Friction
Balanced and unbalanced
Speed
Air resistance
Terminal speed

2. Types of Force I A PULL is when you move something TOWARDS YOU.
I give up!
Can you think of any other examples?

3. Types of Force II A PUSH is when you move something AWAY FROM YOU.
Can you think of any other examples?

4. Measuring Forces
Sir Isaac Newton was an English scientist who had many good ideas about science and maths. A story is told that he was sat under a tree one day and an apple fell on his head. This gave him ideas about the force of gravity.
The size of a force is measured in Newtons (N). A Newtonmeter is a device used to measure small forces.
OUCH!

5. Exercise 1: Insert the Key Words
______ are pushes, pulls or twists. Forces are measured in _______ (N). Sir Isaac Newton was a famous English _______ who had many good ideas about the science.
If you grab hold of something and move it towards you, we call it a ____.
If you grab hold of something and move it away from you, we call it a ____.
A ____ is when you pull and push at the same time to turn something around.
Forces
Newtons
scientist
pull
push
twist
twist pull push scientist Newtons forces

6. Exercise 2: Link the Boxes
Used to measure small forces
Newtons
Had many ideas about gravity
Newtonmeter
What forces are measured in
Sir Isaac Newton

7. Forces Friction Air resistance Gravity Nuclear Electrostatic Tension
Forces are PUSHES, PULLS and TWISTS. What different types of forces are there?
Friction
Small forces can be measured using a device called a NEWTONMETER.
Air resistance
Gravity
The units of force are NEWTONS (N).
Nuclear
When drawing force diagrams ALWAYS include ARROWS to show the DIRECTION a force is acting in.
Electrostatic
Tension
Remember, FRICTION always acts in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION to the way an object is moving.
Compression
Upthrust
Magnetism
Remember, GRAVITY always PULLS DOWN on an object.
Thrust

8. Exercise 3: Link the Labels and the Diagrams
Push
Pull
Twist

9. Exercise 4: Types of Forces
1. Which force keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun?
2. Which force causes compass needles to point north?
3. Which force keeps electrons in orbit around atoms?
4. Which force is caused by materials rubbing together?
5. Which force is the upwards push of water on a floating object?
6. Which force is the opposite of compression?
Gravity
Magnetism
Electrostatic
Friction
Upthrust
Tension

10. Force Diagrams
Force diagrams show the directions forces are acting in using arrows. The bigger the arrow, the bigger the force. Which directions are the forces below acting in?

11. Gravity
The force of GRAVITY is what keeps us on the SURFACE of the EARTH.
You do not have to be TOUCHING the Earth to feel the force of gravity.
GRAVITY ON EARTH PULLS YOU DOWN.
GRAVITY ALWAYS PULLS; IT NEVER PUSHES.
Draw an arrow on the shark and car to show the direction of gravity:

12. Upwards Forces I
If there is a downwards force of gravity pulling on a car then why does it not get pulled into the ground?
Reaction
There must be a force PUSHING UP on the car that stops it getting pulled into the ground.
Do you know what we call this force?
Gravity
The REACTION FORCE.

13. Upwards Forces II
If there is the downwards force of gravity pulling down on a floating shark then why does it not sink deeper into water?
Upthrust
There must be a force PUSHING UP on the shark that stops it getting pulled further down.
Do you know what we call this force?
Gravity
The UPTHRUST.

14. Exercise 5: Force Diagrams 1
Tension
Which force pulls down on the boy?
Which force along the ropes balances the downwards pull on the boy.
Draw arrows on the diagram and label these two forces.
Gravity
Tension
Gravity

15. Exercise 6: Force Diagrams 2
Label the forces acting on a rocket moving through the Earth’s atmosphere.
Upthrust
Thrust
Gravity
Air resistance

16. Exercise 7: Force Diagrams 3
Label the forces acting on the shark.
Upthrust
Thrust
Friction
Gravity

17. Investigating Forces 1. What happens when you let go of a pencil?
2. What force causes this to happen?
3. Bring a steel paperclip near a magnet, what happens?
4. What force causes this to happen?
5. Push a toy car across a table. What happens eventually?
6. What force causes this to happen?
Some forces do not require contact with an object to affect the object. These forces are called NON-CONTACT FORCES. Examples of this type of force are MAGNETISM and GRAVITY.
Some forces have to be in contact with an object to affect it. These forces are called CONTACT FORCES. Examples of this type of force are FRICTION and AIR RESISTANCE.

18. Oil acts as a lubricant on bicycle chains
Friction
Whenever two materials move past each other they RESIST the MOTION. This force is called FRICTION. Friction ALWAYS acts in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION to the way a material is moving.
If an object is NOT MOVING then it will have ZERO FRICTION.
Whenever friction occurs you always get the effects of HEATING and WEARING.
The effects of friction can be reduced by using a LUBRICANT so two materials are not actually in contact. Oil is used in car engines for such a purpose.
Animals in nature are often STREAMLINED to reduce friction effects. Sharks are streamlined to help them swim faster.
Oil acts as a lubricant on bicycle chains

19. Exercise 8: Friction Questions
1. In which direction does friction act?
2. What two effects do you get when friction occurs?
3. Name two ways of reducing friction effects.
4. If a car is not moving what do you know about the size of the friction force acting on it?
5. Give an example where friction is useful.
6. Give an example where friction is a problem.
The opposite direction to the way an object is moving.
Heating and wearing.
Lubrication and streamlining.
The friction force is zero.
Car-braking systems.
Wearing in car engines.

20. Balanced Forces
If the forces acting on an object are EQUAL in ALL DIRECTIONS we say the forces are BALANCED.
For an object with balanced forces…
If it is moving it stays moving with CONSTANT SPEED
If it is moving it stays moving in the SAME DIRECTION
Its SHAPE does NOT CHANGE
If it is STATIONERY it STAYS STATIONERY
Examples of balanced forces
A computer resting on a table
A car driving at 70 mph
A helicopter hovering

21. Unbalanced Forces
If the forces acting on an object are NOT EQUAL in ALL DIRECTIONS we say the forces are UNBALANCED.
For an object with unbalanced forces:
If it is moving its SPEED could INCREASE or DECREASE
If it is moving its DIRECTION COULD CHANGE
Its SHAPE COULD CHANGE
If it is STATIONERY it will START TO MOVE
Examples of unbalanced forces
A car turning a corner
Stretching an elastic band
A bike slowing down

22. Exercise 9: Which of the Following Are Examples of Balanced Forces
Exercise 9: Which of the Following Are Examples of Balanced Forces? Which Are Examples of Unbalanced Forces?
A. An aeroplane taking off.
B. A book resting on a table.
C. Kicking a football.
D. A picture hanging on a wall.
E. A parachutist falling at constant speed.
F. A car slowing down.
G. A bike speeding up.
H. A boy standing still.
I. Stretching a spring.
unbalanced
balanced
unbalanced
balanced
balanced
unbalanced
unbalanced
balanced
unbalanced

23. Speed Formula
The speed formula allows you to calculate the speed, distance or time for a problem given two of the factors.
Speed = Distance
Time
Speed measured in metres per second (m/s).
Distance measured in metres (m).
Time measured in seconds (s).
Example:
A car covers a distance of 200 m in a time of 25 s. What is the car’s speed?
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Speed = 200 ÷ 25 m/s
Speed = 8 m/s

24. Exercise 10: Speed Calculations 1
An rhino runs a distance of 360 metres in a time of 30 seconds. What is the average speed of the rhino?
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Speed = 360 m ÷ 30 s
Speed = 12 m/s

25. Exercise 11: Speed Calculations 2
An elephant walks a distance of metres in a time of 8 minutes. What is the average speed of the elephant in metres per second?
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Speed = m ÷ 480 s
Speed = 5 m/s

26. Exercise 12: Speed Calculations 3
1. A aeroplane covers a distance of m in 20 seconds. What is the speed of the aeroplane?
2. A car moving at 20 m/s will take how long to cover a distance of 1000 m?
3. A bike moving at 15 m/s travels in a straight line for 40 seconds. What distance will the bike cover in this time?
4. A dog running at 11 m/s will take how long to run 100 m?
200 m/s.
50 seconds.
600 m.
9.1 seconds (to 1 d.p.).

27. Moving Through Air Air resistance
AIR RESISTANCE is the special case of FRICTION between MOVING OBJECTS and AIR.
Like friction, air resistance always acts in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION to the way an object is moving.
Gravity
For a FALLING OBJECT, air resistance acts in an UPWARDS DIRECTION.
Falling sycamore seed
Air resistance
Direction of movement
For a SPEEDING CAR, air resistance acts in the DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO THE WAY THE CAR IS MOVING.
Speeding car

28. Air Resistance
AIR RESISTANCE is the FRICTION between MOVING OBJECTS and AIR.
Like friction, air resistance always acts in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION to the way an object is moving.
Air resistance is caused by AIR PARTICLES striking a moving object. What factors will affect the amount of the air resistance for an object moving through air?
The SPEED of an object. The FASTER an object is moving, the MORE AIR PARTICLES that can strike it, the MORE AIR RESISTANCE there is.
The SURFACE AREA of an object. The LARGER the SURFACE AREA of an object, the MORE AIR PARTICLES that can strike it, the MORE AIR RESISTANCE there is.
PARACHUTES work by INCREASING the SURFACE AREA of a FALLING OBJECT which INCREASES its AIR RESISTANCE which SLOWS ITS DESCENT.

29. Terminal Speed
Why do cars have a top speed? Why if you keep your foot on the accelerator does a car not just keep getting faster and faster?
When a car accelerates it gets faster because the engine is giving the car more THRUST.
Air resistance (and friction)
Thrust
The FASTER a car is moving, the MORE AIR RESISTANCE there is.
Forwards and backwards forces are balanced when a car reaches its terminal speed.
The air resistance acts in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION to the thrust of the engine.
This REDUCES the acceleration of the car.
Eventually as the car gets faster and faster the force of air resistance EQUALS the force of thrust from the engine. The forces are BALANCED. When forces are balanced the speed of a moving object remains CONSTANT. The car has reached its MAXIMUM or TERMINAL SPEED.

30. Exercise 13: Air Resistance
1. In which direction does air resistance always act?
2. For the reversing car below, mark on the direction of the air resistance.
3. If you were falling through the air how could you make yourself fall slower?
The opposite direction to the way an object is moving.
Direction of movement
Air resistance
You could open a parachute. A parachute has a large area and this would make you fall slower.