1. Energy transfer between organisms

2. Energy Remember that all energy starts in the sun.
Producers can convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in food.

3. Energy transfer
Predator/prey interactions allow for energy to be transferred between organisms.

4. Energy transfer
This unit, we will look at 3 ways of representing energy as it flows from the sun to producers, and from producers to consumers.
Energy Pyramids
Food Chains
Food Webs

5. Energy pyramid
An energy pyramid shows how the amount of energy available diminishes (gets less) as it moves from producers to primary consumers, then to secondary consumers, and on to tertiary consumers.

6. Energy pyramid
The 10% rule says that only 10% of the energy at each level moves on the next level.
Each level of this pyramid is called a trophic level.
As you move up trophic levels, less and less of the sun’s original energy is available.

7. Energy pyramid
What happens to the other 90% of the energy at each level?
Most of it is used by the organism, or lost as heat.
Humans radiate about 100 joules of heat per second. That’s the same amount of heat that is radiated from a 100 watt lightbulb!

8. Energy pyramid So the moral of this story is…
It takes a lot of grass to support one owl. (Even though owls don’t eat grass.)

9. Food Chain The flow of energy can also be shown through a food chain.
A food chain shows the energy flow from producers through consumers with a series of arrows.

10. Food Chain
The arrows in a food chain always go from the thing that is being eaten toward the thing that is eating.
You can think of the arrows as meaning “is eaten by”
The arrows show the energy flowing from the prey toward the predator.

11. Food chain
Write a paragraph describing what is happening in this food chain.

12. Food chain Make a food chain using these organisms Bluebird
Grasshopper
Grass
Cooper’s Hawk

13. Food chain Change this food chain into an energy pyramid. cabbage
Aphid
Ladybug
bird

14. Food web Multiple food chains can be combined to form a food web.
A food web has arrows and shows energy flow just like a food chain does, but it includes many more organisms.

15. Food webs

16. Food web
Make a food web by combining these food chains

17. Food Web

18. Food web Make a food web using these organisms. Grasshopper Pinecone
Bird
Leaf
Caterpillar
Squirrel
Hawk
Snake

19. Wolves in the food chain?
How might wolves affect the Yellowstone ecosystem?
Wolf video

20. Humans effect food webs
How might humans have an effect on this food web?

21. Humans effect food webs
How might humans have an effect on this food web?

22. Humans effect food webs
How might humans have an effect on this food web?
What is wrong with this food web?

23. Human influence
Humans have the ability to influence their environment more than any other organism.
Most organisms must change to fit their environment, or go extinct, but humans can change their environment to fit them.

24. Human influence With great power comes great responsibility.
Remember that carrying capacity is how much of a particular organism a certain environment can hold.
Humans have changed the carrying capacity for different environments in many ways.

25. Human influence
Humans create marshland or nesting boxes for wood ducks, allowing more wood ducks to live in a given area.
How might this affect:
Food webs
Energy flow

26. Human influence
Humans do the same thing for many types of birds, including the Purple Martin, which now relies entirely on humans for nesting.
How might this affect:
Food webs
Energy flow

27. Human influence
Acid rain damages amphibian eggs and reduces the number of frogs.
How might this affect:
Food webs
Energy flow

28. Human influence
Cutting down forests affects many animal populations including squirrels.
How might this affect:
Food webs
Energy flow

29. Human influence
Suburban sprawl reduces Mule Deer winter range, so it decreases the Mule Deer population.
How might this affect:
Food webs
Energy flow

30. Human influence
Humans become bee keepers which increases the number of bees in a given area.
How might this affect:
Food webs
Energy flow

31. Human influence Hawaii story: Sugar Cane introduced Rats introduced
Mongoose introduced
Ground dwelling birds disappear
Trees that rely upon ground dwelling birds disappear
Humans try to save trees by cloning them.

32. Extinction
An organism that is close to becoming extinct is called endangered
An organism that is extinct is no longer alive anywhere on earth.
99.99% of all living things have gone extinct.
The average species lifespan is 4 million years.

33. Extinction Here are some things that have recently gone extinct
Tasmanian Tiger 1936
Here are some things that have recently gone extinct
Baiji River Dolphin 2006
Quagga 1883
Passenger Pigeon 1914
Bubal Hartebeast 1923

34. Extinction?
Ivory Billed woodpecker – The Grail Bird
Coelocanth

35. Endangered Species Here are some things that are endangered
Giant Panda
California Condor
Here are some things that are endangered
African Elephant
Golden Lion Tamarin
Blue Whale
Amur Leopard
Wild Bactrian Camel

36. Endangered species
razorback sucker
kodachrome Bladderpod
Here are some endangered and threatened species that are found in Utah (21 animals and 22 plants total)
Humpback Chub
Kanab Ambersnail
Dwarf Bear Poppy
Southwestern Willow Flycatcher
Canada Lynx - Threatened
Utah prairie dog

37. Extinct
Pick an endangered species, and write an argumentative essay about whether that organism should or should not be allowed to go extinct.
Make sure to relate your organism to the flow of energy in the organism’s ecosystem.
Make sure you have a claim, evidence, and a warrant.