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Dees Lijmbach, President Technical Committee,

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Presentation on theme: "Dees Lijmbach, President Technical Committee,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Phosphate removal and phosphate recovery: Towards Sustainable Development
Dees Lijmbach, President Technical Committee, Chris Thornton, co-ordinator,CEEP Centre Européen d’Etudes des Polyphosphates COPPERAS - November 2000

2 Phosphorus recycling is as old as agriculture

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8 How did phosphorus recycling break down in Europe?
The growth of cities (16th Century onwards) The introduction of sewage collection and treatment systems Decline in agricultural re-use of sewage biosolids

9 Modern society conducts phosphorus from the land and out to the rivers and sea

10 Why re-visit phosphorus recycling now?
Phosphate rock reserves and costs Impurities in phosphate rock Increasingly, phosphate removal from waste water will be required by law Opportunity to improve waste water treatment economics/ sludge cycle Sewage and animal wastes are, potentially, a rich source of pure phosphate (45,000 and 200,000 tonnes of P per annum, respectively in UK)

11 Why re-visit phosphorus recycling now?
Agricultural spreading is the BEST way to recycle phosphorus (and nitrogen values, biosolids, …) But this option is declining across Europe : - concentration of cities / storage - transport problems - competition from animal manures - legislative and social pressure re contaminants Also, the P:N ratio in sewage sludge is higher than agronomic requirements

12 Depletion of Phosphate Rock
Reserves % Depletion 20 40 60 80 100 High growth Medium growth Low growth Conservation scenario

13 Phosphate Rock - Main Impurities

14 Phosphoric acid analyses trace impurities
Acid from Morocco phosphate rock ppm Al Cd Cr Fe Mg Na Ni Ti Zn Mn Cu 23 As Organic C 50 Acid from Geestmerambacht recovered phosphates ppm Al Cd <6 Cr Fe Mg Na Ni Ti Zn Mn Cu As Organic C >2000

15 Possible pathways for P-recovery - 1
Precipitation of a recyclable phosphate product from liquors in wwtp: - calcium phosphate -> P-industry - struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) -> fertiliser use - synergy with biological P-removal high-P side streams, P release in digesters, avoidance of struvite deposit problems) - other possible technologies may allow precipitation from wwtp main stream - ion exchangers, membranes ...

16 Full scale phosphate recovery (as calcium phosphates) from sewage : DHV Crystalactor® at Geestmerambacht sewage works, near Edam, Holland (230,000 pe.)

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18 Full scale struvite recovery plant, Shimane Prefecture, Japan
Full scale struvite recovery plant, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Capacity : m2/day. Unitika Ltd / Japan Sewage Works Agency

19 Phosphorus Recovery: Remaining technical/economic concerns
Chemistry of P-recovery by CaP or struvite precipitation looks simple but is poorly understood. Inadequate knowledge of reaction kinetics. Existing reactor designs are far from optimised. Further LCA , economic & logistic evaluation is needed.

20 Despite this: There are already about a dozen demonstration scale and full scale plants operating world-wide. Small amounts of recovered phosphate are already reaching industry.

21 Possible pathways for P-recovery - 2
Recovery of phosphates in combination with existing chemical P-stripping - chemical constraints: - no known recycling pathway to date for iron phosphates - aluminium phosphates can be recycled in Thermphos’ Vlissingen furnaces, Holland - physical constraints : - how to recover a low-water, recyclable product and not a “sludge”, - need to separate phosphate product from sludge biosolids

22 Possible pathways for P-recovery - 3
Recovery from sewage sludges or sludge incineration ashes - problems : - iron (from chemical P-stripping/flocculants used in sewage treatment) - copper (from diffuse sources : piping, diet ...)

23 CEEP and P recovery Contacts with water companies and regulators
The European detergent and technical phosphate industry is committed to “making it happen” and is leading research in the area. Contacts with water companies and regulators Promotion - communications : SCOPE Newsletter, P-recovery conference (Holland, 12th-14th March 2001) EU 5th Framework Proposal CYCLOPHOS addressing precipitation of calcium phosphate and struvite Possibilities for co-operation with INCOPA ?

24 Cyclophos Industrial Partners
Water Industry: - CIWEM - Berlin Wasser - Lyonnaise des Eaux - Thames, Anglian, Yorkshire, Severn Trent - Canal Isabel II - STOWA - Polish water industry - Posch and Partners - WS Atkins National regulators: - UK Environment Agency - Spanish Environment Ministry - Swedish Environmental Protection Agency

25 Phosphorus Recovery: current CEEP research
Scenarios for struvite recovery economics Imperial College, London Feasibility of P-recovery and recycling in Benelux STOWA/Thermphos/Haskoning Economics and sludge management implications Office Internationale de l’Eau Sludge production implications INSA Toulouse, France

26 Phosphorus Recovery: current CEEP research
Precipitation reactor design parameters LAGEP/Uinversité Lyon II, France P-recovery potential in different areas of 3 bio-P wwtps CSIC Madrid/ Canal Isabel II Water Company Struvite formation in STW Imperial College (joint project with UK water industry). Testing of full-scale struvite precipitation reactor at Treviso bio-P sewage works, Italy (Ancona, Verona, Venice Universities)

27 Phosphorus Recovery: current CEEP research
Testing of a pilot scale struvite reactor at Zarbze sewage works, Poland, Lodz Technical University Bielsko Biéla Crystallisation of calcium phosphates using calcite seed Karlsruhe Research Centre Precipitation of calcium phosphates - Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, UK and Natural history Museum, London Recovery of phosphates by reversible adsorption onto fly ash, Bath University, UK

28 Phosphorus Recovery: current CEEP research
Biologically induced P precipitation in combination with biological P-removal from sewage Queens University, Belfast. Application of REM-NUT ion exchange for P recovery from sewage works main stream Bari Polytechnic, Italy Pathways for P recovery from sewage sludges Swedish Royal Institute of Technology Phosphorus separation and recovery in animal manures Institute of Grassland & Environmental Research, UK.

29 Recovery of P from iron compounds ?
Results of an initial experiment using sulfate reducing bacteria to solubilise phosphates from iron phosphate sludge, Jan Suschka, Lodz Tech. Univ, Bielsko Biéla, Poland

30 A sustainable future in recycling phosphates

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