1. Strategic Management

2. Environmental scanning (Unit 2)
Environmental analysis
Industry and competitive analysis
EFE matrix
CPM matrix
Internal analysis
IFE matrix
Porters five force
SWOT
VRIO framework

3. Pre read: The five competitive forces that shape strategy

4. Basic Elements of the Strategic Management Process
Prentice Hall, Inc. © 2008
Prentice Hall 2006

5. What is business environment?
Business environment consists of two parts. They are: External and Internal
Environment is complex, dynamic, uncertain and turbulent. (Nuclear disaster in Japan, Turbulence in Middle East, Fall of the Euro, Debt in Europe, High inflation in India, Credit crunch, Downgrading of India…)
Understanding your environment should be continuous, and holistic.
Remember that while some may be of advantage to your firm (opportunities), some would trouble your firm…(threats)

6. External environment It is divided into:
Macro environment (PESTEL framework: Political, Economic, socio cultural, demographic, technological, ecological, legal) and of course global factors….
Operating environment (Suppliers, Customers, competitors, creditors, labour market, distributors and retailers, regulations)
Industry or micro environment

7. Exercise
You own a retail chain. What are the external factors you should be worried about??

8. Measuring the external environment
EFE matrix
CPM matrix

9. EFE MATRIX Steps in developing the EFE matrix:
Identify a list of KEY external factors (critical success factors; identify Opportunities and Threats).
Assign a weight to each factor, ranging from 0 (not important) to 1.0 (very important).
Assign a 1-4 rating to each critical success factor to indicate how effectively the firm’s current strategies respond to the factor. (1 = response is poor, 4 = response is extremely good)
Multiply each factor’s weight by its rating to determine a weighted score.
Sum the weighted scores. Highest score can be 4 and the lowest 1. A score of 4 means the response of the company to opportunities and threats is ‘OUTSTANDING’, while 1 means ‘poor’.

10. Exercise
STEP 1: You own a retail chain. What are the external factors you should be worried about?? STEP 2: Do an EFE matrix evaluation…

11. Competitive profile matrix (CPM)
‘The CPM identifies a firm’s major competitors and their particular strengths and weaknesses in relation to a sample firm’s strategic position’.
David 2001, p. 115
Key success factors (KSFs)
Technology related
Distribution related
Marketing related
Skills related
Organisational capability
Other types of KSFs

12. Competitive profile matrix (CPM) (Cont)
Developing the CPM - Example
Company A
Company B
Company C
Key success factors
Advertising
Product quality
Customer loyalty
Financial position
Global expansion
Market share
Weight
0.1
0.3
0.2
Rating 3 4 2
Score
0.3
1.2
0.6
0.2
Rating 3 2
Score
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
Rating 4 3 2 1
Score
0.4
1.2
0.8
0.1
0.2
Total
Rating: 1=major weakness, 4=major strength

13. Internal environment
Strategy is matching ‘external environment’ to strengths.
This is to find, where the strengths are, the weaknesses.
These are internal.
There are four criteria which is used for division into strengths or weakness. They are: historical, norm in the industry (capacity utilisation), competitive parity or CSF (advertising is critical for success).
There are various models to understand whether the various factors are strengths or weaknesses, like VRIO, 7S etc…

14. Measuring the internal environment
IFE matrix

15. IFE Matrix
Ratings are thus company based, whereas the weights in Step 2 are industry based.

16. Steps to develop IFE Matrix
1. List key internal factors as identified in the internal audit process. Use a total of from ten to twenty internal factors, including both strengths and weaknesses. List strengths first and then weaknesses. Be as specific as possible, using percentages, ratios, and comparative numbers.
2. Assign a weight that ranges from 0.0 (not important) to 1.0 (all important) to each factor. The weight assigned to a given factor indicates the relative importance of the factor to being successful in the firm’s industry. Regardless of whether a key factor is an internal strength or weakness, factors considered to have the greatest effect on organizational performance should be assigned the highest weights. The sum of all weights must equal 1.0.
3. Assign a 1 to 4 rating to each factor to indicate whether that factor represents a major weakness (rating = 1), a minor weakness (rating = 2), a minor strength (rating = 3), or a major strength (rating = 4). Note that strengths must receive a 4 or 3 rating and weaknesses must receive a 1 or 2 rating. Ratings are thus company based, whereas the weights in Step 2 are industry based.
4. Multiply each factor’s weight by its rating to determine a weighted score for each variable.
5. Sum the weighted scores for each variable to determine the total weighted score for the organization.
A score of 2.5 is weak and above it is strong….

17. Industry and Competitive Analysis

18. Industry Analysis Industry Analysis covers two important parts:
Industry environment
Competitive environment

19. Industry Analysis
Industry Features: Size, growth rate, geographical boundaries, size of competition, pace of technological change and product innovation
Industry Boundaries: Breadth of market, Product service quality, Geographical distribution, vertical integration, profit motives
Industry environment: Fragmented and consolidated. Can also be classified into: Emerging, mature, declining and global
Industry structure: Concentration(extent to which industry sales are dominated by only a few firms), Economies of scale, product differentiation and Barriers of entry
Industry attractiveness: Profit potential, growth prospects, competition and industry barriers
Industry performance: Production, sales, profitability and technological advancements.
Industry practices: Various policies on product, price, promo, distribution, R&D and competition
Industries future prospects…

20. Competitive environment
What is competition????

21. The purpose of Five-Forces Analysis
The five forces are environmental forces that impact on a company’s ability to compete in a given market.
The purpose of five-forces analysis is to diagnose the principal competitive pressures in a market and assess how strong and important each one is.

22. Porter’s Five Forces Model of Competition
Threat of New Entrants 11

23. Threat of New Entrants Economies of Scale Product Differentiation
Government Policy
Economies of Scale
Product Differentiation
Capital Requirements
Switching Costs
Access to Distribution Channels
Cost Disadvantages Independent of Scale
Barriers to Entry
Expected Retaliation 12

24. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Porter’s Five Forces
Model of Competition
Threat of New Entrants
Threat of New Entrants
Bargaining Power of Suppliers 14

25. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Suppliers are likely to be powerful if:
Suppliers exert power in the industry by:
* Threatening to raise
prices or to reduce quality
Powerful suppliers can squeeze industry profitability if firms are unable to recover cost increases
Supplier industry is dominated by a few firms
Suppliers’ products have few substitutes
Buyer is not an important customer to supplier
Suppliers’ product is an important input to buyers’ product
Suppliers’ products are differentiated
Suppliers’ products have high switching costs
Supplier poses credible threat of forward integration 15

26. Bargaining Power of Buyers
Porter’s Five Forces
Model of Competition
Threat of New Entrants
Threat of New Entrants
Bargaining Power of Buyers
Bargaining Power of Suppliers 17

27. Bargaining Power of Buyers
Buyer groups are likely to be powerful if:
Buyers are concentrated or purchases are large relative to seller’s sales
Purchase accounts for a significant fraction of supplier’s sales
Products are undifferentiated
Buyers face few switching costs
Buyers’ industry earns low profits
Buyer presents a credible threat of backward integration
Product unimportant to quality
Buyer has full information
Buyers compete with the supplying industry by:
* Bargaining down prices
* Forcing higher quality
* Playing firms off of
each other 18

28. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining Power of Buyers
Porter’s Five Forces
Model of Competition
Threat of New Entrants
Threat of New Entrants
Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Bargaining Power of Buyers
Threat of Substitute Products 20

29. Threat of Substitute Products
Keys to evaluate substitute products:
Products with similar function limit the prices firms can charge
Products with improving price/performance tradeoffs relative to present industry products
Example:
Electronic security systems in place of security guards
Fax machines in place of overnight mail delivery 21

30. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Porter’s Five Forces
Model of Competition
Threat of New Entrants
Threat of New Entrants
Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Rivalry Among Competing Firms in Industry
Bargaining Power of Buyers
Threat of Substitute Products 23

31. Porter’s Five Force’s Model
1. Rivalry Among Existing Competitors
Innovation; First to enter the market
2. Substitute Products
Competitors with similar products
3. Powerful Suppliers
Forward Integration
4. Powerful Buyers
Backward Integration
5. Threat of Entry
Advanced Knowledge
Capital Requirement

32. Porter Competitive Model Heavyweight Motorcycle Manufacturing Industry
Parts Manufacturers
Electronic Components
Specialty Metal Suppliers
Machine Tool Vendors
Labor Unions
IT Vendors
Foreign Manufacturer
Established Company
Entering a New Market
Segment
New Startup
Potential New Entrant
Intra-Industry Rivalry
SBU: Harley-Davidson
Rivals: Honda, BMW, Suzuki, Yamaha
Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Bargaining Power of Buyers
Recreational Cyclist
Young Adults
Law Enforcement
Military Use
Racers
Automobiles
Public Transportation
Mopeds
Bicycles
Substitute Product or Service

33. Rivalry Among Existing Competitors
Intense rivalry often plays out in the following ways:
Jockeying for strategic position
Using price competition
Staging advertising battles
Making new product introductions
Increasing consumer warranties or service
Occurs when a firm is pressured or sees an opportunity
Price competition often leaves the entire industry worse off
Advertising battles may increase total industry demand, but may be costly to smaller competitors 25

34. Rivalry Among Existing Competitors
Cutthroat competition is more likely to occur when:
Numerous or equally balanced competitors
Slow growth industry
High fixed costs
Lack of differentiation or switching costs
High storage costs
Capacity added in large increments
High strategic stakes
High exit barriers
Diverse competitors 26

35. The overall attractiveness of the industry
If all the five forces are strong, industry profitability would be expected to be low regardless of the products/services being produced. Conversely, weak forces permit higher prices and above-average industry profitability.
Firms can influence the five forces through the strategies they pursue.
Some innovations can lead to a short-term advantage. But if every player in the industry is forced to follow suit, it can result in the whole industry being worse off.
For example, the first firm to advertise on television may gain an increase in market share. If everyone else imitates this strategy, it may result in a stalemate with the only winners being the advertising agencies and the television companies.

36. The crucial question, in determining profitability is whether firms in the industry can capture and retain the value they create for buyers, or whether this value is lost to others in fending off competition. Industry structure determines who captures the value :
New entrants can compete away value, passing it on to buyers through lower prices, or they dissipate the value created by raising the costs of competing.
Buyers who are powerful can retain most of the value created for themselves.

37. Substitutes place a ceiling on prices.
Suppliers that are powerful can appropriate the value created for buyers.
Rivalry, like entry, results either in value being passed on to buyers (in the form of lower prices) or it raises the costs of competing (e.g. greater investments in product development and marketing).

38. The Five Forces are Unique to Your Industry
Five-Forces Analysis is a framework for analyzing a particular industry.
Yet, the five forces affect all the other businesses in that industry.

39. EXERCISE
Presentation on an industry of choice and how the five forces act on one another

40. SWOT

41. Indian Dairy Industry Strengths: Weaknesses: Opportunities: Threats:
SWOT
Strengths:
Margins are good
Flexibility of product mix: Tremendous.
Availability of raw material: Abundant.
Technical manpower: Professionally-trained, technical human resource pool, built over last 30 years.
Weaknesses:
Perishability
Lack of control over yield
Logistics of procurement
Problematic distribution
Competition
Opportunities:
Value addition
Export potential
Threats:
Threat from the unorganized sector
Indian Dairy Industry

42. The purpose of SWOT Analysis
It is an easy-to-use tool for developing an overview of a company’s strategic situation
It forms a basis for matching your company’s strategy to its situation

43. SWOT is the starting point
It provides an overview of the strategic situation.
It provides the “raw material” to do more extensive internal and external analysis.

44. Opportunities
An OPPORTUNITY is a chance for firm growth or progress due to a favorable juncture of circumstances in the business environment.
Possible Opportunities:
Emerging customer needs
Quality Improvements
Expanding global markets
Vertical Integration

45. Threats
A THREAT is a factor in your company’s external environment that poses a danger to its well-being.
Possible Threats:
New entry by competitors
Changing demographics/shifting demand
Emergence of cheaper technologies
Regulatory requirements

46. Do a SWOT analysis of a company of your choice.
EXERCISE
Do a SWOT analysis of a company of your choice.

47. VRIO FRAMEWORK
Checking your companies internal capabilities and resources

48. Creating Strategic Fit to Leverage Internal Strengths
INSTRUCTOR: An Interactive video activity is available online through McGraw-Hill Connect on this section of the text.

49. What Does Internal Analysis Tell Us?
Internal analysis provides a comparative look at
a firm’s capabilities
• what are the firm’s strengths?
• what are the firm’s weaknesses?
• how do these strengths & weaknesses compare
to competitors?

50. Why Does Internal Analysis Matter?
Internal analysis helps a firm:
• determine if its resources and capabilities are
likely sources of competitive advantage
• establish strategies that will exploit any sources
of competitive advantage

51. The Resource-Based View
Resources and Capabilities
Resources:
• tangible and intangible assets of a firm
tangible: factories, products intangible: reputation
• used to conceive of and implement strategies
Capabilities:
• a subset of resources that enable a firm to
take full advantage of other resources
» marketing skill, cooperative relationships

52. The Resource-Based View
Four Categories of Resources
• Financial (cash, retained earnings)
• Physical (plant & equipment, geographic location)
• Human (skills & abilities of individuals)
• Organizational (reporting structures, relationships)

53. Tangible and Intangible Resources
INSTRUCTOR: An Interactive activity is available online through McGraw-Hill Connect on this section of the text.

54. Capabilities Organizational capabilities:
Routines and standard operating procedures
Outstanding customer service
Excellent product development capabilities
Innovativeness or products and services
Ability to hire, motivate, and retain human capital

55. Resources and Capabilities
Are these resources
or capabilities?
Firm Assets:
Machinery ?
Collective Product Design Skill ?
Recruiting Skill ?
Engineering Skill of Individuals ?
Mineral Deposits ?

56. Linking Resources and Capabilities to Firm Performance
INSTRUCTOR: An Interactive activity is available online through McGraw-Hill Connect on this section of the text.

57. Company Examples of Core Competencies & Applications
EXHIBIT 4.3
Company Examples of Core Competencies & Applications

59. The Internal Analysis Tool
The VRIO Framework
Four Important Questions:
• Value
• Rarity
• Imitability
• Organization

60. The Question of Value: "Is the firm able to exploit an opportunity or neutralize an external threat with the resource/capability?"
The Question of Rarity: "Is control of the resource/capability in the hands of a relative few?"
The Question of Imitability: "Is it difficult to imitate, and will there be significant cost disadvantage to a firm trying to obtain, develop, or duplicate the resource/capability?"
The Question of Organization: "Is the firm organized, ready, and able to exploit the resource/capability?"

61. The VRIO Framework If a firm has resources that are:
• valuable,
• rare, and
• costly to imitate, and…
• the firm is organized to exploit these resources,
then the firm can expect to enjoy a sustained
competitive advantage.

62. The VRIO Framework Costly to Imitate? Exploited by Organization?
Competitive
Implications
Economic
Implications
Valuable?
Rare?
Below
Normal No No
Disadvantage
Yes No
Parity
Normal
Temporary
Advantage
Above
Normal
Yes
Yes No
Sustained
Advantage
Above
Normal
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

63. Applying RBV: Decision Tree Competitive Implications
EXHIBIT 4.5
Applying RBV: Decision Tree Competitive Implications

64. THANK YOU