1. Classification/Taxonomy
Chapter 17

2. Why Classify? To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
classification system to name organisms &
group them in a logical manner.

3. In other words, naming things.
Taxonomy
Defined:
Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name.
In other words, naming things.

4. Why common names don’t work
Common names vary among languages.
Example:
United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk
United States – Buzzard refers to a vulture
Red-tailed Hawk
Honey Buzzard
Turkey Vulture

5. Another Example:
Dolphin Dolphin
Tursipos truncatus Mahi mahi

6. Carolus Linnaeus
(1707 – 1778)
Created the system of naming we use today.
In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category or taxon.

7. Binomial Nomenclature
“Bi” means 2
“nomial” means naming
Nomenclature means “the system of”
Defined:
In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name. (Genus & species)

8. Example of Binomial Nomenclature
Polar Bear is Ursus maritimus
Ursus: genus
Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bears
maritimus: species
The Latin word, maritimus, refers to the sea.
Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.

9. Definitions to know Genus: is a group of closely related species
Species: Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

10. Family: Group of genera that share many
characteristics
Order: Group of similar families
Class: Group of similar orders
Phylum: Group of closely related classes
Kingdom: Largest taxonomic group,
consisting of closely related
phyla.

11. What do these mean?...lets see
Here We Go… Polar Bear
Species: maritimus
Genus: Ursus
Family: Ursidae
Order: Carnivora
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom: Animilia
What do these mean?...lets see

12. What they mean Species: maritimus (lives in marine environment)
Genus: Ursus (kind of bear)
Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)
Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)
Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)
Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)

13. How to remember: Da King Phillip Came Over For Green Salad
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

14. Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Ursidae
Genus Ursus
Species
maritimus

15. Taxonomy Video

16. The Three-Domain System
There are 3 Domains:
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
There are 6 Kingdoms:
1. Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista
4. Fungi Plantae Animalia

17. The Three-Domain System
There are 3 Domains:
Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Unicellular/Prokaryotes
Cell walls have Peptidoglycan
Domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Cell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan
Domain Eukarya
Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

18. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Unicellular Prokaryote
Cell walls withOUT Peptidoglycan
Extremophiles – Love extreme environments
like volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, and hot springs
Archaea Hydrothermal Vent Hot Spring Volcaone

19. Kingdom Eubacteria Unicellular Prokaryote
Cell walls with Peptidoglycan
All other bacteria you encounter everyday
E. coli Staphlycoccus Streptococcus

20. Kingdom Protista Unicellular or Multicellular Live in colonies
Video Clip: Amoeba
Unicellular or Multicellular
Live in colonies
Amoeba Euglena Paramecium

21. 3 Categories of Protista
Plant-like
Example: Algae
Perform photosynthesis (autotrophs)
Animal-like
Example: Amoeba
Can cause disease (malaria, sleeping sickness)
Fungus-like
Example: Slime molds

22. Plant-like Protists Algae Euglena Live in shallow water
Photosynthetic (autotrophic)
Can also be heterotrophic when light not available
Absorb nutrients
Ingest other organisms

23. Animal-like Protists Also called Protozoans 4 Types
Ciliates (Example: Paramecium)
Sarcodina (Example: Amoeba)
Zooflagellates
Sporozoans

24. Slime Mold

25. Kingdom Fungi Unicellular or Multicellular Cell walls made of Chitin
Heterotrophs….they eat!
Yeast Mushrooms

26. Kingdom Fungi
Hyphae
Thread-like structures which form all parts of the fungus
Main function is to help fungus obtain food – provide large surface area for absorption of nutrients

27. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Cell walls made of Cellulose
Autotrophs….make their own food
Trees & Grass Moss Venus Fly Trap

28. Kingdom Animalia Multicellular NO cell walls Heterotrophs….they eat
Worms Insects Jellyfish Giraffes

29. 6 Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Most common bacteria
Cell wall w/ Peptidoglycan
Includes Algae
Don’t belong in other euk
No cell wall
No chloroplasts
Multicellular
“Ancient Bacteria”
Cell walls
w/cellulose
& Chloroplasts
Release enzymes to digest food
Live in very hot places
E. ecoli
Pyrococcus furiosus
Paramecium
H. coccinea
Fern frod
Homo sapiens

30. Write Scientific Names Correctly
The scientific name is always the Genus and species taxa of the organism
Genus capitalized
Species lower cased
Underline if hand written
Italics if typed
Homo sapiens
Genus species
Canis lupis
Hippocampus erectus

31. Scientific Name: Genus species
If these three species belong to the same genus, they are descended from a common ancestor.
Felis domestica
domestica
Domestic Cat
Felis
Felis leo
leo
Lion
Felis margarita
margarita
Sand cat`

32. A Problem with Traditional Classification
Example: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet
The barnacle and the limpet have similarly shaped shells & look alike
The crab has a very different body form
Based on anatomy, the barnacle & limpet could be classified together and the crab in a different group.

33. This incorrect because crabs and barnacles are actually related

34. Segmentation Free swimming Larva
Draw this!
Crustaceans
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Even though they do not look a like, crabs & barnacles are actually related
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva

35. Classification Using Cladograms
Cladogram: A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.

36. Segmentation Free swimming Larva Molted Exoskeleton
Crustaceans
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Using Cladograms, you can see that crabs and barnacles share similar characteristics because they both molt & are segmented
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva

37. You can also see that ALL have a free swimming larva stage
Crustaceans
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
You can also see that ALL have a free swimming larva stage
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva

39. Dichotomous Key
Statements that describe organisms to help identify them
Always start with the first 2 statements

41. These are T4 Bacteriophage
Where do viruses go?
Viruses: Are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce ONLY by infecting living cells.
Viruses are made of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
These are T4 Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage is a virus which infects bacteria

42. Where do viruses go? (continued)
Viruses are not considered alive because they don’t have ALL the characteristics of life.
Example: They can’t reproduce independently
These are the Influenza Viruses
Influenza or "flu" is an infection of the respiratory tract that can affect millions of people every year.

43. The End.