1. Reconstruction

2. The Destruction of the War

3. Presidential Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln
Wartime acts
Emancipation Proclamation*
War still in doubt
Fugitive slaves
Slaves boost Confed. Cause
Northern morale
Public opinion
France and Britain
Morality

4. Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln - 10% Plan*
10% loyalty oath
Abolish slavery
Northern opposition
Wade-Davis Bill*
50% Ironclad oath
13th Amendment

5. Presidential Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson*
General pardon
Col. M.F. Pleasants*
Voting = state issue
Secession illegal
Repudiate Confed. debt
Abolish slavery

6. Black Codes* Why? Examples: Control Disregard federal govt.
Fear black retaliation
Labor supply
Racism
Examples:
Freedmen no testify vs. whites
Vagrancy laws
Taxes
Whipped
Blacks called “servant”, whites called “master”

7. Johnson’s declining popularity
Memphis riot*
Disputes with Congress
Freedmen’s Bureau
Civil Rights bill
14th Amendment
1866 Civil Rights Act
th Amendment
Citizenship for all persons - regardless of race - born or naturalized in US
Forbade states from abridging privileges of citizens
Guaranteed due process of the law
Equal protection of the law
“Swing Around the Circle”*, 1866

8. Congressional Reconstruction
Radical Republicans
Who were they?
Thaddeus Stevens, PA
Charles Sumner, MA
What were their goals?
Protection of freedmen and supporters
Full citizenship of freedmen
Win conservative support
Some extreme views
Strip Southerners of citizenship
Confiscate land

9. Congressional Reconstruction
The Stevens Plan*
Federal officials supervise elections
Blacks vote
Whites stripped of citizenship

10. Congressional Reconstruction
1867 Congressional Reconstruction Act
5 military districts
Military make arrests, trials
Military directs constitutions
Not extremely radical

11. Johnson Impeachment Impeachment of Johnson Failure: Radical crusade
Bring down presidential office
Lack of clear crime
Successor = Ben Wade
Lawyers
Johnson quiet

12. Reconstruction Laws & Acts
th Amendment
Forbade states to deny any citizen the right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

13. Decline of the Radicals
Small in number
Johnson quiet
Radicals divided
Trouble staying in office
Death
U.S. Grant
Scandals: political appointments, favors to businessmen and railroads

14. New Leadership in the South
Grant presidency
Northern military
Freedmen’s Bureau
Carpetbaggers, scalawags, black politicians
1870, Union restored
Black politicians
22 Congressmen
Too few for great impact

15. Republican Reconstruction
Positive aspects:
Public education
Efficiency of government
Public buildings, roads, manufacturing
Social services (orphanages, hospitals, welfare)
Capital/investment
Political democracy

16. Republican Reconstruction
Decline 1870s
Other concerns
Corruption, depression
Colfax Massacre
U.S. v. Cruikshank
“Compromise of 1877”
Dem. – Samuel J. Tilden, NY
Rep. – Rutherford B. Hayes, OH
Hayes wins,
Republicans withdraw N support
Legacy of Reconstruction
“America’s unfinished revolution”