1. BIOLOGY BIG IDEAS
EOCT Prep

2. Characteristics of Life
Q: What are the Characteristics of Life?
Response to Stimulus
Maintain Homeostasis
Made of Cells
Have DNA
Obtain & Use Materials & Energy
Evolve
Grow & Develop
Reproduce
Repair tissues
Have a defined life span
Characteristics of Life

3. Scientific Variables – IV & DV
Q: Hypothesis: Taking 500 mg vitamin D/day for 7 days will improve immune function.
What are the IV & DV?
A: IV: 500 mg vitamin D/day for 7 days
A: DV: improved immune function
Scientific Variables – IV & DV

4. Q: If there is 100,000 cals at the 1st trophic level, how much energy will be available to the secondary consumers?
A: 1,000 cals
Q: In a balanced ecosystem, which trophic level has the most energy and biomass?
A: 1st (Primary Producers)
Ecology – Energy Flow

5. Ecology – Energy Flow vs. Nutrient Cycling
In ecosystems, energy ________ and nutrients like N, P, C, H2O ________.
A: flows…recycles
Ecology – Energy Flow vs. Nutrient Cycling

6. Ecology - Biomagnification
Q: Some chemicals like mercury (Hg) do not biodegrade. Instead, they build up in tissues of organisms. Which trophic level would you expect to find the MOST mercury?
Choices: A. 1st B. 2nd C. 3rd D. 4th
A D. 4th
Ecology - Biomagnification

7. Ecology - Symbiosis Q: What are the three types of symbiosis?
A: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
Ecology - Symbiosis

8. Ecology – Limiting Factors
Q: Which type of growth is effected by limiting factors?
A: Exponential/Logistic
Q: Which type of limiting factor affects a population as it grows larger?
A: Density-Dependent (Ex: amounts of food, space, water, etc.)
Ecology – Limiting Factors

9. Q: A hardwood forest is partially destroyed by a forest fire leaving soil and a few grasses. Over time, pioneer species like annual plants and pine saplings begin to grow. What type of succession is this?
A: Secondary
Ecology – Succession

10. Q: What has unique properties like hydrogen bonding, less density as a solid, cohesion and adhesion because water is ______.
A: Polar
Biochemistry - Water

11. Biochemistry - Macromolecules
Q: Which macromolecule provides structures and energy storage in plants, but quick energy in animals?
A: Carbohydrates
Q: What type of reaction breaks down bonds between monomers releasing energy?
A: Hydrolysis
Q: Which macromolecule, made of amino acids dictated by DNA, makes up enzymes and structures of living things?
A: Proteins
Biochemistry - Macromolecules

12. Biochemistry - Enzymes
Q: What do enzymes do to the rate of reactions?
A: Act as a catalyst, speed up reactions.
Q: What do high temperature or pH changes do to enzymes?
A: It denatures the enzyme (changes its shape)
A: After a point, slows rate of reaction
Biochemistry - Enzymes

13. Q: A substance with a pH of 3 would be a _____ whereas a substance with a pH of 11 would be a ______.
A: acid…base
Biochemistry - pH

14. Q: A new cell is discovered
Q: A new cell is discovered. It has the following structures: Golgi bodies, nucleus, ribosomes, cell wall, chloroplasts, ER. What type of cell would this be?
A: Eukaryotic, Plant Cell
Cells: Types

15. Q: A cell is discovered and found to have the following structure: circular chromosome, ribosomes, cell wall, flagella. What type of cell is this?
A: Prokaryotic
Cells: Types

16. Cells: Organelle Function
Q: A problem is detected in a cell. It is no longer packaging and shipping proteins correctly. Which organelle is malfunctioning?
A: Golgi
Cells: Organelle Function

17. Cells – Membrane & Transport
Q: Which picture shows facilitated diffusion?
A: B – through a protein, high to low, no ATP.
Q: Which picture shows active transport?
A: C – from low to high, ATP A B C
Cells – Membrane & Transport

18. Cells – Membrane & Transport
Q: A cell has a solute concentration of 3%. It is placed into a solution that has a 10% solute concentration. Assume the cell membrane is impermeable to the solute. The solution is ______ to the cell and therefore water will move _______.
A: hypertonic…out of the cell
Cells – Membrane & Transport

19. Cells - Photosynthesis
Q: What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?
A: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Q: Which step in photosynthesis would be prevented if CO2 was lacking – the light reactions or the Calvin Cycle?
A: The Calvin Cycle.
Cells - Photosynthesis

20. Q: What is the balanced equation for cell respiration?
A: 6O2 + C6H12O6  6H2O + 6CO ATP
Q: Which step of Cellular Respiration generates the most energy?
A: The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Cells – Respiration

21. Q: Error. A cell enters the M phase and its DNA was NOT copied
Q: Error! A cell enters the M phase and its DNA was NOT copied! Which phase of the cell cycle had an error?
A: S phase
Q: The goal of mitosis is to produce genetically ______, ________ cells, whereas the goal of meiosis is to produce genetically ______, _______ cells.
A: identical, diploid….different, haploid
Cell Cycle & Division

22. Cell Cycle & Division Q: Which process describes meiosis? A: Diagram B

23. Q: Some genetic diseases result from the incorrect separation of chromosomes during meiosis. What is this incorrect process called?
A: non-disjunction
Cell Cycle & Division

24. DNA Q: In DNA, A pairs with ____ and C pairs with _____. A: T…G
Q: If the DNA template sequence is ATGCTA, what is the complementary sequence the enzyme DNA polymerase would bring during replication?
A: TACGAT
DNA

25. Protein Synthesis Q: What are the two stages in protein synthesis?
A: Transcription & Translation
Q: Which stage takes place at the ribosome?
A: Translation
Q: If the DNA is TACAAACTCACT, what is the sequence of the mRNA transcript that would be made?
A: AUGUUUGAGUGA
Protein Synthesis

26. Q: If the DNA sequence is: TACAAACTCACT, what amino acid sequence will make up the protein?
A: Met – Phe – Glut Acid – Stop
Q: If the sequence lost its first A,
What type of mutation is this?
A: Frameshift – changes # of aa’s
Protein Synthesis

27. Q: In humans, tongue rolling is dominant (T)
Q: In humans, tongue rolling is dominant (T). Two heterozygous parents (Tt) have a baby.
Q: What is the probability their baby will be a tongue roller?
A: 75% (3/4)
Q: What is the probability their baby will be homozygous dominant?
A: 25% (1/4)
Genetics - Mendelian

28. Genetics – Human & Tech Q: What is the picture on the page called?
A: Karyotype
Q: From the picture on the page, you know the individual is ____.
A: male
Q: Chromosomes 1-22 are called __.
A: Autosomes
Genetics – Human & Tech

29. Genetics – Human & Tech Q: What is this called? A: DNA Fingerprint
Q: Who are the only people who have identical patterns?
A: Identical twins
Genetics – Human & Tech

30. Q: A mom with type O blood and a dad with type AB blood are having a baby. What blood types could their baby have?
A: A or B
Q: If you have type A blood, which types can you receive in a transfusion?
A: A or O
Genetics – Human & Tech

31. A normal father (XcY) and a mother who carries the allele for colorblindness (XcXc) are having fraternal twins – a boy and a girl.
Q: What is the probability their son will be colorblind?
A: 50%
Q: What is the probability their daughter will be colorblind?
A: 0%
Genetics – Human & Tech

32. Q: What are the parts to Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection?
A: Organisms struggle for existence, Organisms overproduce, Survival of the Fittest, Population evolves
Q: T/F – Individual organisms can evolve.
A: F
Q: Organisms with the best adaptations to survive in their environment and reproduce are said to have _____.
A: Fitness
Evolution

33. A population of moth has two phenotypes – light and dark
A population of moth has two phenotypes – light and dark. Light moths are easily seen and eaten. Dark moths are camouflaged, survive and have more offspring.
Q: What type of Natural Selection – Stabilizing, Directional or Disruptive – is this?
A: Directional
Evolution

34. Q: Genetically, early human mothers could produce babies that range in size from 1kg-8kg. Today the range is 3-5kg. What type of Natural Selection – Directional, Stabilizing or Disruptive – is this?
A: Stabilizing
Evolution

35. Q: Name an adaptation that allowed Reptiles and Birds to be better fit for land environments.
A: Amniotic egg, scaly skin, lungs, more complex circulation
Q: Plants develop chemical toxins to prevent predation. What type of adaptation is this?
A: chemical (others are structural and behavioral)
Evolution

36. Q: Sharks and dolphins do NOT share a common ancestor very recently, but they look alike and share the same habitat. What type of evolution describes this?
A: Convergent
Evolution

37. Q: The wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale are both made up of the same bones which are slightly modified. They function differently but they show similar evolutionary origin. What are these structures called?
A: Homologous Structures
Evolution

38. A population of tortoises from a main land migrate to an island
A population of tortoises from a main land migrate to an island. The tortoises have a range in neck length from short to long. On the island, the short necked tortoises are better adapted to protect themselves against predators. Many generations later, most tortoises have very short necks due to this selection. Mutations and continued natural selection have caused changes in the tortoises gene pools. Eventually, the island tortoises are reproductively isolated from the mainland tortoises.
Q: Which level of evolution does this describe?
A: Speciation
Evolution

39. Q: A scientist finds a new pathogen
Q: A scientist finds a new pathogen. It contains an RNA genome surrounded by a protein capsid. A picture of it is below. Is this a virus or a bacterium?
A: Virus
Q: Are viruses considered living?
A: No.
Virus/Bacteria

40. Q: You find a pathogen which has the following characteristics: cell wall, pili, cell membrane, flagella, peptidoglycan, ribosomes, DNA. Is this a Virus, a Eubacterium or an Archaeabacterium?
A: Eubacterium
Virus/Bacteria

41. Q: Protists are considered the very first type of life with a ______ cell.
A: Eukaryotic
Q: Animal-like protists are called ____________ while plant-like protists are called ______________
A: Protozoa, Algae
Q: The phylum sarcodina moves using its____________
A: Pseudopods
Protists

42. Fungus Q: T/F – Some fungi are autotrophic. A: False
Q: T/F – Fungi digest externally.
A: True
Q: T/F – A fungus is the largest organism in the world.
Q: T/F – Fungi have cell walls.
A: True – Fungi is made of chitin
Fungus

43. Plants Q: Which group of plants is best adapted to living on land?
A: Vascular, Protected Seed Flowering Plants, AKA Angiosperms
Q: You find that a vascular plant’s phloem is not working properly. What problem will arise in the plant?
A: Not enough energy providing sugars will be transported to the lower region of the plant. Roots/stem will die due to lack of cellular respiration.
Plants

44. Q: Name an adaptation which will allow plants to survive and compete for light in a crowded canopy by bending towards available light.
A: Phototropism
Plants

45. Animals Q: Why are animal-like Protists NOT considered true animals?
A: animal-like protists are unicellular and some have cell walls
Q: Which characteristics of echinoderms make them closest in relation to chordates?
A: deuterostome development & endoskeleton
Q: Name 3 animal adaptations that are successful on land.
A: Anything that prevents water loss, allows for moist respiratory surfaces, protects gametes and provides additional energy for needs on land. Ex: aminiotic egg, scaly skin, kidneys, lungs, closed circulation/4 chambered heart
Animals