1. Spring 2012 Final Exam Review
Gateways to Biology

2. Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations
What is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis?
sun
6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

3. Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide & water
What are the products of photosynthesis?
glucose (sugar) & oxygen

4. Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations
What is the specialized tube in plants called that carries water from the roots to the rest of the plant?
xylem

5. Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations
Identify three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis and explain the effect of each.
Amount of light
Amount of water
Temperature
Access To CO2

6. Ch 3.2 – Energy Transformations in Ecosystems
What do the arrows represent in a food chain?
the direction of the transfer of energy

7. Ch 3.2 – Energy Transformations in Ecosystems
Describe how much energy gets passed from one energy level to another in a food chain.
10% of the available energy
90% of the energy is used and released a s heat

8. Producers – transform light energy into usable chemical energy (sugars) consumers – consume 10% of the available energy from the previous trophic level decomposers – consume 10% of the available energy from any of the trophic levels in a food chain

9. What is function of bacteria in ecosystem?
To fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil for the plants to use.

10. Ultimate source of energy in any food chain is

11. Ch 3.3 – Energy in Foods
What is the chemical formula for high energy sugar (glucose)?
C6H12O6

12. Ch 3.3 – Energy in Foods
Fiber in a healthy diet is supplied by which nutrient?
carbohydrates

13. How is the energy available in food measured?
Burning it and measuring the change in temperature in water

14. What is a calorie?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1˚ Celsius

15. Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients
Where does digestion begin?
the mouth (with amylase)

16. Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients
What is the function of the large intestine?
reabsorbs water

17. Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients
What kind of proteins catalyze (speed up) metabolic reactions in the body?
enzymes

18. Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients
Name the organs of the digestive system that food passes through in the proper order and describe the function of each organ.
1. mouth: chewing, mech. and chem. digestion
2. Esophagus: transports food bolus to stomach

19. Ch 3.4 – Name the organs of the digestive system that food passes through…
3. Stomach: mech and chem digestion
4. Small Intestine: absorption of nutrients
5. Large Intestine: reabsorption of water
6. Rectum: wastes exit body

20. What is the function of the villi in the small intestine?
The villi are the site of nutrient absorbtion and increase the surface area of the small intestine in order to maximize the amount of nutrients being absorbed

21. Function of pancreas?
Makes enzymes to digest foods, such as starch (amylase)
Produces a substance to neutralize stomach acid

22. What is the enzyme found in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates?
amylase

23. 3.5 Cellular Respiration and Energy Transformations
What are the steps in the process of cellular respiration?
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. electron
transport chain

24. Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Krebs cycle (aka citric acid cycle)
Electron transport
chain

25. How does the body maintain homeostasis when the concentration of carbon dioxide increases?
The body will continue to break down glucose (glycolysis) without oxygen in order to make ATP
lactic acid builds up in muscles and keeps them from contracting resulting in muscle fatigue

26. In the presence of oxygen how many net ATP molecules will one glucose molecule produce?
38 total

27. Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of what?
The diaphragm

28. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
Why is DNA known as the molecule of life?
Because it contains the hereditary material (DNA).

29. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
What is the base pairing rule for DNA?
thymine pairs with adenine
cytosine pairs with guanine

30. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
What is the structure of DNA?
double helix

31. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
Which enzyme links nucleotides to the open strand of DNA?
DNA polymerase

32. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
What makes up the backbone of DNA?
sugar and phosphates

33. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
What is the sequence that complements the DNA sequence ATGCCATGC?
TACGGTACG

34. Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
Why does DNA unzip and separate into single strands to form two identical copies?
To ensure that each new cell has exact copies of genetic material.

35. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
What takes place in prophase?
Nuclear membrane breaks down.
DNA condenses
Centrioles divide and move toweards opposite sides of the cell
Spindle fibers form between the centrioles

36. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate?
S phase (synthesis)

37. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
Chromatids attach to each other at what?
centromere

38. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
In which phase of the cell cycle does the nucleus divide through a series of steps?
Mitosis

39. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
Be able to
identify pictures
of the phases
of mitosis.

40. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
What kind of cell is an undifferentiated cell that can become almost any type of cell in the body?
stem cell

41. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
What is the process where unspecialized cells develop into adult cells?
cell differentiation

42. Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
What is the best surface area to volume ratio for moving materials into and out of cells?
6:1 (largest ratio)

43. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
What are the two plant hormones that stimulate growth?
auxins and giberrellins

44. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
What is the function of apical meristem tissues?
New cells are added along the tips of root and stems that elongate and differentiate into other tissues.

45. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
Know the
parts of a
cross-section
diagram
of a leaf.

46. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
What is the structure on roots that increases the surface area for water absorption in plants?
root hairs

47. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
What are some
characteristics of seeds
that require animals for
dispersal? That require
the wind for dispersal?
That require water for
dispersal?

48. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
What are some characteristics of a plant that survives in a dry environment?
types of leaves, types of roots, modifications to stems

49. Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
After seeds have soaked in water for several days, a root emerges from the enlarged seeds. What conclusion can be made from this observation?
Energy stored in seeds is activated and used to grow roots to anchor the plant and establish a system for obtaining water.

50. What structure regulates movement of gases in and out of leaves?
stomata

51. Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
Why do flowers have more pollen grains than ovules in the ovary?
Because the pollen grains have to travel to the ovary.

52. Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
The results of meiosis provide a greater variety of genetic outcomes while mitosis produces a clone of the original cell.

53. Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
The male and female reproductive systems are similar in several ways. Which pair of organs is most similar in structure and function?
vas deferens to fallopian tube

54. Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction Why are gametes haploid?
Haploid gametes maintain the species’ chromosome number during fertilization.

55. Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
Which reproductive organs play a role in both the reproductive and endocrine systems?
ovaries and testes

56. Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
Which reproductive organ functions to protect fertilized ova?
ovary

57. Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?
Energy is conserved because production of gametes is not required.

58. Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
Explain the similarities and differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Include examples of both in your response.
Similar – both produce new organisms
Different – asexual produces exact copy of parent; sexual requires haploid gametes from 2 parents for a new individual

59. Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
Explain the similarities and differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Include examples of both in your response.
Examples:
Asexual: budding, fission.
Sexual: pollination, fertilization.

60. Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
What is the sequence of mRNA bases for the correct transcription of the DNA sequence 5’GGGACATGATTCGCC3’?
3’CCCUGUACUAAGCGG5’

61. Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
What is the role or job of tRNA in protein synthesis?
tRNA bring amino acids to the ribosomes to help make proteins.

62. Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
What is the type of mutation represented by the amino acid sequence below?
Correct sequence:Leucine – Alanine – Glycine –
Leucine
Mutated sequence:Leucine – Alanine – Valine –
Substitution

63. Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
Which series of amino acids is the correct translation of the mRNA molecule represented here - 3’CCU AAA AGU GCA5’?
proline, lysine, serine, alanine

64. Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
Translate the following DNA strand to determine the correct order of amino acids - 5’CGG CAA TTT AAC3’.
alanine, valine, lysine, leucine

65. Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
A gene represented by the DNA strand 5’AGA GGG CCA AAT3’ undergoes a mutation. Which type of mutation would have the greatest affect on a person’s health?
the more codons affected, the more the affect on the final protein

66. Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
Which molecule transcribes the code for proteins?
mRNA molecule

67. Ch. 5.2 – Genetics
If the letters P and p represent alleles of the same gene, then a cat with the genotype Pp would be considered what?
Heterozygous or hybrid

68. Ch. 5.2 – Genetics What is Mendel’s law of segregation?
Parent alleles separate into different gametes during meiosis.

69. Ch. 5.2 – Genetics
What is the phenotypic ratio of the F1 monohybrid cross of two heterozygotes?
3:1

70. Ch. 5.2 – Genetics
In pea plants, tallness is dominant over shortness and yellow seed color is dominant over green seed color. If pea plants that are heterozygous for tallness and heterozygous for seed coat color is crossed, what are the possible alleles in the gametes?
TY, Ty, tY, ty

71. Ch. 5.3 – Human Genetics
Skin color and eye color are examples of what type of inheritance?
polygenic traits

72. Ch. 5.3 – Human Genetics
In snapdragons, R represents red flowers and r represents white flowers. In the cross RR x rr, all of the offspring have pink flowers. What is this pattern of inheritance?
incomplete dominance

73. Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection What is natural selection?
Natural selection determines which phenotypes in a population support survival.

74. Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection
Survival of the populations of organisms hinges on adequate supplies of food, water and shelter. What would limit available resources?
competition

75. Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection
Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship between two species that supports survival of both species. What is an example of a mutual relationship?
bees pollinate flowering plants

76. Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection
How are traits for camouflage and mimicry are result of natural selection?
Predators recognize, hunt and eat prey.

77. Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection
How do mutualism, parasitism and commensalism influence natural selection?
Mutualism – benefits both organisms
Parasitism – benefits one, harms the other
Commensalism – benefits one, but not the other
Since organisms depend on each other, if one dies, the other could follow.

78. Ch. 6.3 – Classification What taxonomic group is the most general?
Kingdom
Kingdom Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

79. Ch. 6.3 – Classification What is binomial nomenclature based on?
genus and species

80. Ch. 6.3 – Classification
Based on the characteristics of the unknown organism, how should it be classified?
Characteristics of unknown organism
eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
extracellular digestion
fungus