1. The History of the Early Engineering Disciplines
Engineering your Future
Chapter 2

2. The History of Civil Engineering
Part One
The History of Civil Engineering

3. Boundaries and Surveys
Need for boundaries and surveys precipitated civil engineering as we know
Surveyors
Noted and marked foundations of monuments
Dividing land into parcels
Egyptians used surveying to predict Nile River flood waters
Romans learned from Egyptians and Greeks the importance of surveying
Aqueducts and roads designed from surveying methods

4. Arabic people & the astrolabe
Astrolabe - Fixed surveying method linked to the stars
Arabic people developed proficiency with the astrolabe after the fall of the Roman Empire
Arabic culture also responsible for:
Development of Trigonometry
Practice of triangulation to achieve accuracy

5. Recognition
Civil engineering named to distinguish between military and other engineers
Europe and U.S. recognized those who completed large-scale projects as “civil engineers” (18th Century)
John Smeaton of England molded himself as a Civil Engineer
Society of Civil Engineers created in England
Named changed to Institution of Civil Engineers

6. United States Societies of Civil Engineering
Annual meeting, ASCE
Deer Park Hotel, Deer Park, MD, 1885
Franklin Institute in Philadelphia (1824)
Informal society of engineers
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Formed November 5, 1852
Present and active today
engineersociety.html

7. Manhattan Bridge - New York, NY
Bridges
Manhattan Bridge - New York, NY

8. Three Classes of Bridges
Arched Bridge
Beam Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Arched Bridge
Beam Bridge
Suspension Bridge

9. History of Bridges 2000 B.C. 300 B.C. 610 A.D.
Wooden timber beams built on stone pillars
Spanned over the Euphrates River
Commissioned by Queen Semiramis for Babylon, suggesting practice was common
300 B.C.
Golden Era Roman stone-arch bridges
250 B.C. saw Greek “invention” of wood truss
610 A.D.
Zhaozhou (Ali) Bridge constructed
World’s oldest known open-spandrel stone-arch bridge

10. Frankford Avenue Bridge
Spans Pennypack Creek in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Constructed in 1697
First known stone arch bridge in U.S.
Still being used today
Frankford Avenue Bridge
Philadelphia, PA

11. Sewall’s Bridge First known pile supported highway bridge
Built over the York River in York, Maine
Piles driven into river bottom by dropping oak logs while standing them in place
Replaced in 1934
Sewall’s Bridge
York, Maine
covered-bridges/sewalls.php

12. Coalbrookdale, England
Iron Bridge
World’s first all-metal bridge built of cast iron
Designed by Abraham Darby III
Spans Severn River near Coalbrookdale, England
Main span m
Total length - 60 m
Weight tons
Iron Bridge
Coalbrookdale, England

13. Jacob’s Creek Bridge World’s first modern suspension bridge
Located on the road between Uniontown, Pennsylvania and Greensburg, Pennsylvania
Designed and built by James Finley for $600 in 1801
Bridge demolished 1833, five years after Finley had passed away in Uniontown

14. Dams
Hoover Dam

15. Factors to take into account
Failure of Teton Dam
Rexburg, Idaho
$1 billion in damages
Strong enough to resist reservoir water backed behind dam
Impervious to water
Resists leaks and erosion
Water cannot find way into dam
Accommodates overflow

16. Roads
Route 66 - Arizona

17. Evolution of Roads
Markings used to designate paths to desired destinations
Invention of wheel brought on roadways
Evolved from dirt roads into paved surfaces with drainage systems to divert water off of them

18. Paved Roads History
3000 B.C. - the Herappa and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations in the Indus valley developed paved roads with drainage systems underneath pavement
2500 B.C. - Lake Moeris Quarry Road
World’s oldest paved road
Was eight miles long (only 4 miles remain)

19. cut into Italian Mountain
Those Romans…
Roman road
cut into Italian Mountain
312 B.C. - Road from Rome to Capula
130 miles
144 B.C. - First high-level aqueduct
Hydraulic cement introduced in design
Over 372 roads constructed with a combined distance of 53,000 miles
Roadways suffered with retreat from Britain

20. Roads considered a value??
600 years after Britain invasion retreat, Norman invasion showed roads are considerable value
The church maintained roadways and constructed inns and places of rest
Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries with his self-appointed Supreme Head of Church of England in 1534

21. Marker on El Camino Real
1500’s Spaniards and Colonials developed first inland transportation route into U.S.
Original use for political and military use only
Beginning of interstate highway system

22. Channel Tunnel Boring Machine
Tunnels
Channel Tunnel Boring Machine

23. History of Tunnels 600 B.C. - Samos Aqueduct Tunnel
Water supply routed through a hill on Greek island
Persian and Armenian tunnels in Iran brought water to towns in the 8th century
By 17th century, tunnels widely used to route canals through hills rather than around

24. Tunnel History cont.
Marc Isambard Brunel developed a shield for boring under the Thames River in 1820
Dual tunnels run yards
Completed in 1841
First time tunnel cut under a body of water
Marc Isambard Brunel
( )

25. Alfred Nobel’s Dynamite
Most significant advancement in tunneling
Alfred Nobel born in 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden to a family of engineers
Father sent him abroad to learn about chemical engineering to expand horizons
Alfred returned and concentrated on nitroglycerine as explosive
Brother and several others killed in an explosion

26. Alfred Nobel cont. Nitroglycerine banned from Stockholm city limits
1864 found way to handle explosive safe
Nobel built labs and companies in more than 20 countries
Holds more than 350 patents
Immense fortune amassed
Nobel Prize founder in will

27. Water Supply and Control
Panama Canal under maintenance

28. Definitions
Dams - barriers constructed across a waterway to control the flow or raise the level of water
Aqueducts - pipes or channels designed to transport water from a remote source
Usually takes advantage of gravity
Bridge-like structures support a conduit or canal passing over a river or low ground
Canals - artificial waterways or artificially improved rivers used for travel, shipping, or irrigation

29. The History of Industrial Engineers
Part 2
The History of Industrial Engineers

30. Industrial Engineering
International commerce increases brought about an increase of competition amongst suppliers
Main role is to combine workers, machines, and materials in order to increase productivity and reduce waste
Philosophy traced back to tribal cultures
Created more efficient tools and made best of everyone’s specific skills

31. First Mechanically-Assisted Cutting Device
Rocking drill that was cord driven
Assistant needed to manipulate cord in order to give alternating rotary movement
Earliest illustration of lathe found in Egyptian tomb of Petosiris

32. Pole Lathe Developed in 12th century
Size and complexity of work to be done increased, bringing the invention about
Designed with heavier wooden construction to be more rigid and powerful than previous designs
Continuous drive machine with a large wheel cranked by an assistant created to turn metal

33. Pole Lathe Examples 1500 - Leonardo da Vinci’s treadle and crankshaft
Spaichel’s development in 1561 using human power
Alternate power supplies developed
Horse gins
Water wheels
Steam engines
Electric motors
Great Wheel Lathe

34. mid 1800s Machines
John Wilkinson’s cylinder boring mill of 1776
Father of the industrial revolution
Henry Maudslay’s workshops
Produced machine tools, lathes, and special purpose machines
Trained other great engineers

35. mid 1800s Machines
Richard Roberts planing lathe and large lathe with a back gear that allowed for spindle speed changes (1817)
Automatic spinning mule and differential gear from 1825

36. History of Mechanical Engineering
Part 3
History of Mechanical Engineering

37. Brief Overview
Coke replacing charcoal in England in early 1700s brought upon the beginning of modern mechanical engineering
Industrial Revolution began due to advancements in producing wrought iron
Machines developed to make use of mass produced steel
Mechanical Engineering recognized as profession in England in 1847 and U.S. after 1850

38. The New Orleans arriving at namesake (1812)
Boats
The New Orleans arriving at namesake (1812)

39. Steam Engines James Watt developed new model steam engine in 1778
Watt’s Engine
James Watt developed new model steam engine in 1778
Engine cooled steam in a condenser separate from the main cylinder
Spurred the application of steam to water, land, and air

40. Steam Powered Ships Easiest to implement the steam engines
Robert Fulton developed combination of Watt Steam engine to improved hull design
Clermont steamboat financial success from first Hudson river run in 1807
1907 Clermont replica

41. Trains

42. First to use steam on land
Weight and size of boilers overcome by use of high pressure boilers and iron rails
Initial designs used in mines and ironworks
First steam-powered locomotive ran in South Wales in 1804
First passenger train built from Stockton to Darlington opened in 1825

43. 1829 Competition Rail line between Liverpool and Manchester
Each locomotive must consume own smoke, haul a load equal to 3 times its own weight and travel at an average speed of not less than 10 mph

44. The Mechanics Magazine (1829)
“The Perseverance”
The Perseverance,
The Mechanics Magazine (1829)
Timothy Burstall design
Vertical boiler with furnace beside it
Fuel fed to fire by hopper on top
Attained maximum speed of 6 mph

45. “Sans Pareil” Sans Pareil Design and built by Timothy Hackworth
Two-cylinder engine
Ran for 27 miles
Average speed of 14 mph
Maximum speed of 17 mph
14.3 tons hauled
Boiler feed pump failed often

46. “Rocket” George Stephenson design and built Traveled 70 miles
Avg. speed - 15 mph
Max. speed - 29 mph
Set bar for all future locomotive designs
Won $500 prize for competition
1979 Rocket replica

47. Early Road Transportation

48. Modern Day Chariot Race
Chariots
Modern Day Chariot Race
Used in warfare by Middle Eastern nations
Handed down to Romans and Greeks
Chariots had either two or four wheel
Used primarily for transportation of goods
770 B.C. saw advent of chariot races

49. Romans and Britain
Romans invaded Britain two times before succeeding in 43 A.D.
Many transportation techniques introduced and groundwork laid for roadways
Collapse of Roman Empire control in Britain saw end of roadways as main source of travel
Horseback way to travel after 410 A.D.

50. Carriage ride in Central Park
Carriages and Coaches
Carriage ride in Central Park
British imports between and 1600 A.D.
Confined as baggage travel between towns for the rich

51. Post Office Act of 1765
Mail had to be transported at a rate of at least 6 mph
Mail coaches began to be regularly used starting in 1784
Mode of transportation did not change much in years to come
Problem solving and re-engineering lead to overall improvement in speed, punctuality and service to customers

52. Early Automobile

53. Nicolas Joseph Cugnot
1769, invented a military gun-carriage tractor used to haul artillery for the French army
Three wheeled steam-powered tractor traveled at 2.5 mph
Frequent stops for boiler to build up pressure to power drive wheels
French unimpressed from slow vehicle and frequent stops made
Successful tricycle that carried four passengers developed in 1770

54. James Watt Developed reputation as high-quality engineer
In 1763, he was sent a Newcome steam engine for repairs
Rebuilt and made engine more efficient
Sold these improved engines for 11 years
James Watt’s Workshop

55. William Murdock James Watt’s staff engineer
Murdock’s innovation
James Watt’s staff engineer
Developed a three- wheeled steam-driven vehicle that was much lighter than Cugnot’s in 1785
Watt fired Murdock because of too much time spent on project

56. The Bicycle

57. “Dandy Horse” Dandy Horse 1817 was first prototype of bicycle
Developed by Baron Karl Drais von Sauerbronn of Manheim
“Father of Bicycle”
Gained popularity due to novelty purposes, not practical uses

58. First Pedal-Powered Bicycle
MacMillan Velocipede
Kirkpatirck MacMillian, a blacksmith invented
Pedals powered back wheel and steering done on front
Wheels mounted on brass bearings, saddle seats, ran on iron tyred wooden wheels

59. “Boneshaker” Boneshaker
Pierre Michaux of Paris’ variance of a velocipede in 1860
Frame made of wrought iron, pedals mounted in line with front wheel and axle, and friction shoe on rear tire to slow
Sold for $13
First two-wheeled bicycle actually caught on for practical use
Boneshaker