1. Mitosis and Meiosis

2. Chromosomes
Sister Chromatids
Chromosomes are made up of DNA which carries the cells genetic information
Human body cells have 46 chromosomes (in 23 pairs)
Sex cells (gametes aka egg and sperm) only have 23 chromosomes
Before cell division occurs, each chromosome replicates (or copies itself)
Centromere

3. Cell Growth and Division
Cell Cycle is a series of events that cells go through as they grow, prepare for division and divide into two identical daughter cells
Two major stages in a cells life are:
Interphase
M Phase or cell division

4. Interphase
Interphase is the phase where the cell grows and prepares to divide.
Interphase is divided into three phases:
G1 Phase - growth
S Phase – replication (copying) chromosomes
G2 Phase – further growth
* A lot is happening during G1, S and G2 phases!

5. M Phase M Phase is cell division which includes two steps:
Mitosis- this is division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis – this is division of the cytoplasm

6. Mitosis Mitosis is divided into four phases:
Prophase – chromosomes condense, becoming visible; centrioles move to opposite sides of nucleus; nuclear envelope dissolves
Metaphase – chromosomes line up across middle of cell
Anaphase – sister chromatids split
Telophase - sister chromatids move to opposite sides of cell and new nuclear envelopes form

8. Cytokinesis Cytokinesis is occurring at the same time as telophase
The cell membrane pinches the cytoplasm into two equal parts.
Two new daughter cells are now formed and are genetically identical to the parent cell.
This is the end of the cell cycle.

9. MEIOSIS
Meiosis is process where the number of chromosomes per cell is divided in half by separating homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. Gametes are produced by meiosis. What does all that mean???

10. Chromosomes are made up of DNA which carries the cells genetic information
Genes are found on the chromosomes.
Genes are chemical factors that determine traits. (Ex. Eye color, hair color, height, etc.)
Different forms of a gene are called alleles
(Ex. Blue or brown eyes, brunette or auburn)
* The symbol N represents the number of chromosomes in a gamete (sex cell)

11. Homologous chromosome means that each chromosome that comes from the male has a corresponding chromosome from the female Homologous chromosome have DNA segments, or genes, for the same trait

12. Diploid cells have both sets of homologous chromosomes (one set from momma and one from the baby’s daddy)
All cells in your body (except egg and sperm) are diploid
These cells are called somatic cells 2N

13. Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes as their parent cells
Gametes (egg and sperm) are haploid
Gametes are genetically different than the parent cell and one another N

14. N N N 2N N N N

15. Human has 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes in human gametes?23
Pineapple has 25 chromosomes in its gametes. What is it’s haploid number? 25
A giraffe has a diploid number of 62. What is it’s haploid number? 31

16. Draw this! 46

17. First Step Replication
During meiosis, chromosomes are replicated once in S phase (just like mitosis) into sister chromatids.
This occurs so that each of the 46 chromosomes exists as a duplicated sister chromatid.

18. Meiosis I HOMOLOGUES (1-23) are segregated into different cells.
Results in 2 cells that each have 1 copy of each of the 23 chromosomes (still duplicated from DNA replication).

19. Prophase I Crossing over
Homologous chromosomes in the cell pair up alongside each other lengthwise forming a tetrad
Swap bits and pieces of their chromosomes, shuffling the genome
Results in NEW Chromosomes that did not exist before in the parent

21. Meiosis II
SISTER CHROMATIDS of each of the 23 chromosomes are pulled apart just as they are in mitosis
Results in 4 cells that have 1 copy of each of the 23 chromosomes (now unduplicated again)
Now officially haploid

23. Meiosis occurs in two stages
Meiosis I
Two cells form with sets of chromosomes and alleles that are different from each other
Meiosis II
Cells divide again without DNA replication forming four cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

24. Summary of Mitosis/Meiosis
Results in 2 identical cells that are diploid (2N) and are exactly like the parent cell
Meiosis
Results in 4 cells that have half the number of chromosomes, haploid (N), as the parent cell and are genetically different from one another
Genetic Recombination

25. Meiosis Square Dance

26. Linked Genes - Genes located closely together are linked Crossing over is more likely to occur between genes that are far apart rather than linked which are close together. Polyploidy – The occurrence of one or more extra chromosomes in an organism. This is not good in animals but is beneficial in plants (crop plants are stronger and bigger)