1. Review session for exam-III

2. Q1. Which of these is able to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?
fatty acyl-CoA
malonyl-CoA
acetyl-CoA
fatty acyl-carnitine
none of the above can cross

3. Q2. The normal sequence of action of these components of the hormonal hierarchy is:
adrenal cortex  hypothalamus  anterior pituitary
anterior pituitary  adrenal cortex  hypothalamus
anterior pituitary  hypothalamus  adrenal cortex
hypothalamus  adrenal cortex  anterior pituitary
hypothalamus  anterior pituitary  adrenal cortex

4. Q3. Describe five possible fates for glucose 6-phosphate in the liver.

5. Q3 answer
(1) conversion to liver glycogen; (2) dephosphorylation and release of glucose into bloodstream; (3) oxidation via the pentose phosphate pathway; (4) oxidation via glycolysis and the citric acid cycle; (5) oxidation to acetyl-CoA, which then serves as precursor for synthesis of triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and cholesterol.

6. Q4. What is leptin? How does it function in the long-term maintenance of body mass?

7. Q4 Answer
Leptin is a small polypeptide that is produced in adipocytes and is carried by the blood to the brain. It is produced when there are adequate stores of lipid in the adipocytes and interacts with a receptor in the hypothalamus. This interaction produces a cascade of effects that tend to suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure.

8. glucose ketone bodies fatty acids acetoacetate
Q5. Which of the following cannot be used as an energy source by the brain?
glucose
ketone bodies
fatty acids
acetoacetate

9. Q6. . Which of the following is a major effect of insulin binding to its receptor?
a. autophosphorylation of tyrosine b. dephosphorylation of substrates such as IRS-1 c. binding of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase to the receptor

10. Q7. What hormone(s) is (are) a signal of the "fed state"?
Insulin
Glucagon
both insulin and glucagon
aldosteron

11. Q8. Which of the following is NOT true of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate?
They can provide energy for brain cells.
They allosterically modify other enzymes.
They are produced from the acetyl CoA of fats.
They cannot be used in liver.

12. Glycogen Fats Proteins Cholesterol
Q9. During prolonged starvation, what is the last cellular material to be utilized?
Glycogen
Fats
Proteins
Cholesterol

13. Q10. Which of these can be synthesized by plants but not by humans?
palmitate (18:0)
stearate (20:0)
linolenate [18:3(D9,12,15)]
Arachidonic acid
phosphatidylcholine

14. inability to produce insulin
Q11. Type 2 Diabetes is a disease characterized by overproduction of glucose by the liver and its underutilization by other organs. Which of the following is NOT a cause of diabetes?
inability to produce insulin
loss of ability to respond to insulin when it is produced
the generation of enzymes in the blood that rapidly degrade insulin after release from the pancreas

15. Q12. What are plasma lipoproteins
Q12. What are plasma lipoproteins? What is their general role in mammalian metabolism?

16. Q13. The synthetic compound mevinolinic acid, also called lovastatin, is a potent competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reducdase (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase). Predict and explain the effect of this drug on serum cholesterol levels in humans.

17. Q14. The glycerol produced during the lipolysis of triglycerides
A. is a waste product that is excreted from cells.
B. is stored within the cell for future synthesis of tryglycerides.
C. can be used as either a source of energy or for gluconeogenesis.

18. Q15. Write additional enzymes to oxidize fatty acids that have double bonds.

19. Q16. The degradation of an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid would be expected to yield how many NADH and FADH2 per fatty acid molecule?
A. 6
B. 10
C. 7
D. 8
E. 9

20. one NADPH being generated per citrate leaving the mitochondria.
Q17. The NADPH used in the reductive steps of fatty acid biosynthesis comes from
one NADPH being generated per citrate leaving the mitochondria.
the degradation of glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway exclusively
both a and b.

21. Q18. Cholesterol is synthesized from:
acetyl-CoA.
choline.
lipoic acid.
malate.
oxalate.

22. Q 19. Which of these statements about the regulation of cholesterol synthesis is not true?
Cholesterol acquired in the diet has essentially no effect on the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver.
Failure to regulate cholesterol synthesis predisposes humans to atherosclerosis.
High intracellular cholesterol stimulates formation of cholesterol esters.
Insulin stimulates HMG-CoA reductase.
Some metabolite or derivative of cholesterol inhibits HMG-CoA reductase.

23. Q20. The synthesis of fatty acids and their breakdown by b oxidation occur by separate pathways. Compare the two paths by filling in the blanks below. (Some blanks may require more than one answer.)
Synthesis b oxidation
—————————————————
Activating group _______________ ___________
Electron carrier coenzyme(s) _______________ ___________
Basic units added or removed _______________ ____________
Cellular location of process _______________ ____________

24. Q20. Answer Synthesis b oxidation —————————————————
Activating group acyl carrier protein CoA—SH
Electron carrier coenzyme(s) NADPH NAD+
Basic units added or removed malonyl- and acetyl acetyl-
Cellular location of process cytosol in animals mitochondrial matrix

25. a. b oxidation of fatty acids; mt. matrix
Q21. Which of the following metabolic pathways and intracellular localization of the pathway are correctly paired
a. b oxidation of fatty acids; mt. matrix
b. Citric acid cycle; cytoplasm
c. Fatty acid synthesis; cytoplasm
d. Glycolysis; mitochondrial matrix
e. Pentose phosphate pathway; peroxisomes

26. Q22. Which of the following statements about metabolism in the mammalian liver is false?
Most plasma lipoproteins are synthesized in the liver.
The enzymatic complement of liver tissue changes in response to changes in the diet.
The liver synthesizes most of the urea produced in the body.
The presence of glucose 6-phosphatase makes liver uniquely able to release glucose into the bloodstream.
Under certain conditions, most of the functions of the liver can be performed by other organs.

27. Q23. The Cori cycle is:
the conversion of lactate to pyruvate in skeletal muscle to drive glycogen synthesis.
the interconversion between glycogen and glucose l-phosphate.
the production of lactate from glucose in peripheral tissues with the resynthesis of glucose from lactate in liver.
the synthesis of alanine from pyruvate in skeletal muscle and the synthesis of pyruvate from alanine in liver.
the synthesis of urea in liver and degradation of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia by bacteria in the gut.

28. Q24. The largest energy store in a well-nourished human is:
ATP in all tissues.
blood glucose.
liver glycogen.
muscle glycogen.
triacylglycerols in adipose tissue.

29. Q25. What distinguishes eicosanoids from other potent biological signaling molecules such as epinephrine?

30. Remember the terms: endocrine, paracrine, autocrine
Answer for Q25
Eicosanoids are paracrine hormones: they generally do not move long distances between their points of release and their points of action.
Remember the terms: endocrine, paracrine, autocrine

31. Can; can Can; cannot Can only; can only Cannot; can Cannot; cannot
Q26. In animals, the carbon backbone of glucose _____ be metabolically converted and stoichiometrically utilized for synthesis of fatty acids; in animals, the carbon backbone of fatty acids _____ be metabolically converted and stoichiometrically utilized for synthesis of glucose.
Can; can
Can; cannot
Can only; can only
Cannot; can
Cannot; cannot

32. Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA
Q27. Which of the following intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis is the substrate for the enzyme at the key regulatory step of the pathway
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA
3-isopentyl pyrophosphate
Malonyl-CoA
Mevalonate

33. Hydration; oxidation; thiolysis
Q28. Which of the following best describes, in order, the complete series of catalyzed reactions that occurs as a molecule of acyl-CoA is shortened by one two-carbon unit during fatty acid degradation
Hydration; oxidation; thiolysis
Oxidation; hydration; oxidation; thiolysis
Oxidation; hydration; reduction; thiolysis
Oxidation; hydration; thiolysis
Reduction; hydration; oxidation; thiolysis

34. Q28 Answer
Hydration; oxidation; thiolysis
Oxidation; hydration; oxidation; thiolysis
Oxidation; hydration; reduction; thiolysis
Oxidation; hydration; thiolysis
Reduction; hydration; oxidation; thiolysis

35. Q29. During b oxidation, the carbon backbone of fatty acids is converted into which of the following
Carbon dioxide
Pyruvate
Acetyl groups
Malonyl groups
Succinyl groups

36. Q29 answer
Carbon dioxide
Pyruvate
Acetyl groups
Malonyl groups
Succinyl groups

37. Q30
The following figures were selected to review them. You need to study each figure in detail and understand what is being emphasized there, GOOD LUCK!

38. FIGURE Fuel metabolism in the liver during prolonged fasting or in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. After depletion of stored carbohydrates, proteins become an important source of glucose, produced from glucogenic amino acids by gluconeogenesis (1 to 4). Fatty acids imported from adipose tissue are converted to ketone bodies for export to the brain (5 to 8). Broken arrows represent reactions with reduced flux under these conditions. The steps are further described in the text.

42. FIGURE 21-38 Synthesis of cholesteryl esters
FIGURE Synthesis of cholesteryl esters. Esterification converts cholesterol to an even more hydrophobic form for storage and transport.

45. FIGURE 21-6 Sequence of events during synthesis of a fatty acid
FIGURE 21-6 Sequence of events during synthesis of a fatty acid. The mammalian FAS I complex is shown schematically, with catalytic domains colored as in Figure Each domain of the larger polypeptide represents one of the six enzymatic activities of the complex, arranged in a large, tight "S" shape. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is not resolved in the crystal structure shown in Figure 21-3, but is attached to the KS domain. The phosphopantetheine arm of ACP ends in an —SH. After the first panel, the enzyme shown in color is the one that will act in the next step. As in Figure 21-4, the initial acetyl group is shaded yellow, C-1 and C-2 of malonate are shaded pink, and the carbon released as CO2 is shaded green. Steps 1 to 4 are described in the text.

46. FIGURE 21-6 (part 1) Sequence of events during synthesis of a fatty acid. The mammalian FAS I complex is shown schematically, with catalytic domains colored as in Figure Each domain of the larger polypeptide represents one of the six enzymatic activities of the complex, arranged in a large, tight "S" shape. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is not resolved in the crystal structure shown in Figure 21-3, but is attached to the KS domain. The phosphopantetheine arm of ACP ends in an —SH. After the first panel, the enzyme shown in color is the one that will act in the next step. As in Figure 21-4, the initial acetyl group is shaded yellow, C-1 and C-2 of malonate are shaded pink, and the carbon released as CO2 is shaded green. Steps 1 to 4 are described in the text.

47. FIGURE 21-6 (part 2) Sequence of events during synthesis of a fatty acid. The mammalian FAS I complex is shown schematically, with catalytic domains colored as in Figure Each domain of the larger polypeptide represents one of the six enzymatic activities of the complex, arranged in a large, tight "S" shape. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is not resolved in the crystal structure shown in Figure 21-3, but is attached to the KS domain. The phosphopantetheine arm of ACP ends in an —SH. After the first panel, the enzyme shown in color is the one that will act in the next step. As in Figure 21-4, the initial acetyl group is shaded yellow, C-1 and C-2 of malonate are shaded pink, and the carbon released as CO2 is shaded green. Steps 1 to 4 are described in the text.

48. FIGURE 21-6 (part 3) Sequence of events during synthesis of a fatty acid. The mammalian FAS I complex is shown schematically, with catalytic domains colored as in Figure Each domain of the larger polypeptide represents one of the six enzymatic activities of the complex, arranged in a large, tight "S" shape. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is not resolved in the crystal structure shown in Figure 21-3, but is attached to the KS domain. The phosphopantetheine arm of ACP ends in an —SH. After the first panel, the enzyme shown in color is the one that will act in the next step. As in Figure 21-4, the initial acetyl group is shaded yellow, C-1 and C-2 of malonate are shaded pink, and the carbon released as CO2 is shaded green. Steps 1 to 4 are described in the text.

49. FIGURE 21-6 (part 4) Sequence of events during synthesis of a fatty acid. The mammalian FAS I complex is shown schematically, with catalytic domains colored as in Figure Each domain of the larger polypeptide represents one of the six enzymatic activities of the complex, arranged in a large, tight "S" shape. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is not resolved in the crystal structure shown in Figure 21-3, but is attached to the KS domain. The phosphopantetheine arm of ACP ends in an —SH. After the first panel, the enzyme shown in color is the one that will act in the next step. As in Figure 21-4, the initial acetyl group is shaded yellow, C-1 and C-2 of malonate are shaded pink, and the carbon released as CO2 is shaded green. Steps 1 to 4 are described in the text.

50. FIGURE 21-6 (part 6) Sequence of events during synthesis of a fatty acid. The mammalian FAS I complex is shown schematically, with catalytic domains colored as in Figure Each domain of the larger polypeptide represents one of the six enzymatic activities of the complex, arranged in a large, tight "S" shape. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is not resolved in the crystal structure shown in Figure 21-3, but is attached to the KS domain. The phosphopantetheine arm of ACP ends in an —SH. After the first panel, the enzyme shown in color is the one that will act in the next step. As in Figure 21-4, the initial acetyl group is shaded yellow, C-1 and C-2 of malonate are shaded pink, and the carbon released as CO2 is shaded green. Steps 1 to 4 are described in the text.

51. FIGURE 21-6 (part 7) Sequence of events during synthesis of a fatty acid. The mammalian FAS I complex is shown schematically, with catalytic domains colored as in Figure Each domain of the larger polypeptide represents one of the six enzymatic activities of the complex, arranged in a large, tight "S" shape. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is not resolved in the crystal structure shown in Figure 21-3, but is attached to the KS domain. The phosphopantetheine arm of ACP ends in an —SH. After the first panel, the enzyme shown in color is the one that will act in the next step. As in Figure 21-4, the initial acetyl group is shaded yellow, C-1 and C-2 of malonate are shaded pink, and the carbon released as CO2 is shaded green. Steps 1 to 4 are described in the text.

52. FIGURE 21-6 (part 8) Sequence of events during synthesis of a fatty acid. The mammalian FAS I complex is shown schematically, with catalytic domains colored as in Figure Each domain of the larger polypeptide represents one of the six enzymatic activities of the complex, arranged in a large, tight "S" shape. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is not resolved in the crystal structure shown in Figure 21-3, but is attached to the KS domain. The phosphopantetheine arm of ACP ends in an —SH. After the first panel, the enzyme shown in color is the one that will act in the next step. As in Figure 21-4, the initial acetyl group is shaded yellow, C-1 and C-2 of malonate are shaded pink, and the carbon released as CO2 is shaded green. Steps 1 to 4 are described in the text.

53. FIGURE 21-7 Beginning of the second round of the fatty acid synthesis cycle. The butyryl group is on the Cys —SH group. The incoming malonyl group is first attached to the phosphopantetheine ﾑSH group. Then, in the condensation step, the entire butyryl group on the Cys —SH is exchanged for the carboxyl group of the malonyl residue, which is lost as CO2 (green). This step is analogous to step 1 in Figure The product, a six-carbon β-ketoacyl group, now contains four carbons derived from malonyl-CoA and two derived from the acetyl-CoA that started the reaction. The β-ketoacyl group then undergoes steps 2 through 4, as in Figure 21-6.