1. Wrist

2. 1. Name the primary wrist flexors and extensors.
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
palmaris longus
3 wrist extensors
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi ulnaris

3. 2. What type of joint is the wrist?
Condyloid-type joint

4. 3. What is the degree of freedom for the wrist joint?
Flexion – degrees
Extension – degrees
Abduction – degrees
Adduction – degrees

5. 4. Articulation of which bones makes the wrist joint?
Articulation primarily occurs between the distal radius and the proximal carpal row (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum)

6. 5. Draw a diagram representing all the movement of the wrist joint and name the plane and axis of each movement.
Movement
Plane
Axis
Flexion (palmar flexion)
Sagittal
Lateral
Extension (dorsiflexion)
Abduction (radial deviation, radial flexion)
Frontal
Anteroposterior
Adduction (ulnar deviation, ulnar flexion)

7. 6. Label the bones Metacarpals Hamate Trapezium Triquetrum Trapezoid
Scaphoid
Pisiform
Lunate
Capitate

8. 7. Name the ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal and interplalangeal joint.
Interphalangeal Joint
Collateral Ligament
Palmar Ligament
Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Collatoral Ligament
Deep Transverse Metacarpal Ligament

9. 8. Name the movement demonstrated in the figure.
Palmar Flexion

10. 9. What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Swelling & inflammation can cause increased pressure in carpal tunnel resulting in decreased function of median nerve leading to reduced motor & sensation function in its distribution
particularly common with repetitive use of the hand and wrist in manual labor and clerical work such as typing and keyboarding
Often, slight modifications in work habits and hand & wrist positions during these activities can be preventative
Flexibility exercises for the wrist & finger flexors may be helpful

11. 10. Name the ligaments of the wrist joint.
The book said there were too numerous to mention in this discussion.

12. 11. What is the normal range of?
Wrist Flexion
0 to ± 80 degrees
Wrist Extension
0 to ± 70 degrees
Ulnar Deviation
0 to 30 degrees
Radial Deviation
0 to 20 degrees

13. 12. Name the ligament to be injured in hyperextension of the Proximal Interphalengreal Joint.
Collateral Ligament

14. Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Medial epicondyle of humerus
Base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals on palmar surface
-Flexion of wrist
-Abduction of wrist
-Weak flexion of elbow
-weak pronation of forearm
Median nerve (C6 and C7)
Palmaris Longus
Palmar aponeurosis of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Medial epicondyle of humerus and posterior aspect of proximal ulna
Base of 5th metacarpal (palmar surface), pisiform, and hamate
-Adduction of wrist
Ulnar nerve
(C8 and T1)

15. Muscle Origin Insertion Action Inner-vation
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Proximal ¾ of anterior and medial ulna
Base of distal phalanges of four fingers
Flexion of the four fingers at the metacarpo-
phalangeal, proximal inter-phalangeal, and distal inter-phalangeal joints
Median nerve (C8, T1) to 2nd and 3rd fingers; ulnar nerve (C8, T1) to 4th and 5th fingers
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
-Medial epicondyle of humerus
-Ulnar head: medial coronoid process
-Radial head: upper 2/3 of anterior border of the radius just distal to the radial tuberosity
Each tendon splits and attaches to the sides of middle phalanx of four fingers on palmar surface
-Flexion of the fingers at the metacarpo-
phalangeal and proximal inter-
phalangeal joints
-Flexion of wrist
-Weak flexion of elbow
Median nerve (C7, C8, and T1)

16. Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Lateral epicondyle of humerus and middle ½ of the posterior border of the ulnaq
Base of 5th metacarpal on dorsal surface
-Extension of wrist
-Adduction of wrist
-Weak extension of elbow
Radial nerve
(C6, C7, and C8)
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Base of 3rd metacarpal on dorsal surface
-Abduction of wrist
-Weak flexion of elbow
(C6 and C7)

17. 14. How can you strengthen the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?
The flexor carpi ulnaris is important in wrist flexion or curling activities. It is one of only two muscles involved in wrist adduction or ulnar flexion. It may be strengthened with any type of wrist-curling activity against resistance.

18. 15. If ulnar nerve gets injured the which movement is likely to be affected?
The ulnar nerve assists the flexor carpi ulnaris in
Flexion of the wrist
Adduction of the wrist
Weak flexion of the elbow
therefore these movements would be most affected if the ulnar nerve gets injured.

19. 16. If there is contracture of wrist flexors then which movement will not take place in its full range?
Opposition will not take place in its full range of motion.

20. 17. During the concentric contraction of wrist flexors, which type of contraction will take place in wrist extensors?
Eccentric Contraction

21. 18. If you hold a cup tightly then which type of contraction occurs?
Isometric Contraction

22. 19. Which movement is demonstrated in the figure?
A – wrist flexion B – wrist extension