1. Digital Music and Audio

2. Sound
Sound is a disturbance of mechanical energy that propagates through matter (like air) as a longitudinal wave and impacts the ear drum.

3. Sound Waves
loud
soft
A sound wave is measured in amplitude (loudness in decibels dB) and frequency (pitch in Hz).
amplitude
low
high
time
Humans can generally hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz (the audio range)
Most human speech communication takes place between 200 and 8,000 Hz
Prolonged exposure to a sound pressure level exceeding 85 dB can permanently damage the ear
Sound levels in excess of 130 dB are more than the human ear can safely withstand and can result in serious pain and permanent damage.
oscilloscope demo

4. Sound Wave
seconds

5. Zoomed Sound Wave
milliseconds

6. Digitizing Sound
The sound wave is measured or “sampled” at regular time intervals to transform it into a list of numbers.
.28
.27
.08
.08
-.1
-.45
-.5
millseconds

7. Sampling Rates
The amount of times per second that a sound wave is measured (sampled), measured in Hz.
8,000 Hz - telephone
22,050 Hz - FM quality
44,100 Hz - CD quality
192,000 Hz –HD-DVD

8. Bit Rate
The combination of the sampling rate, amount of bits used with each sample, and mono vs. stereo determines the total number of bits processed per second, or the bit rate. The higher the bit rate the higher the quality of sound.
4 kbit/s — minimum necessary for recognizable speech
8 kbit/s — telephone quality
32 kbit/s —AM radio quality
96 kbit/s — FM radio quality
kbit/s - Decent quality
192 kbit/s — Good quality
kbit/s — High quality, nearly lossless quality
500 kbit/s–1 Mbit/s — lossless audio
1411 kbit/s — PCM sound format of Compact Disc Digital Audio

9. Calculating CD Quality Bit Rate
16 bits are used for each sample value
x 44,100 samples per second (CD)
x 2 for stereo
= 1,411,200 bits per second
a three minute CD song uses 1,411,200 x 180 (seconds)
= 254,016,000 bits/8 = 31,752,000 bytes or about 31 MB.
The main uncompressed audio format is PCM. It is used on CDs and stored as a .wav on Windows or as .aiff on Mac OS

10. Digital audio compression: MP3
MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a popular digital audio encoding and lossy* compression format and algorithm, designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent audio, yet still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio to most listeners.
MP3 uses psychoacoustic models to discard components less audible to human hearing, and recording the remaining information in an efficient manner - typically 1/10th the size of the original uncompressed audio file.
LAME produces the highest-quality MP3 files for bitrates greater or equal to 128 kbit/s.
*Lossless compression allows the original sound recording to be rebuilt from the compressed file, lossy loses some of the original sound characteristics. Lossy compressed files can never be returned to the original recording quality.

11. Newer Compressed Audio Formats: AAC & MWA
Apple’s Advanced Audio Coding (AAC, or .m4a) format achieves better quality sound than MP3 for the same compression level or smaller file sizes for the same quality audio.
Microsoft’s Windows Media Audio (WMA or .wma) format reduces file size but does not necessarily improve sound quality.
WMA 10 Pro (Media Player 11) is much better than plain WMA

12. Review How is music digitized? What is sampling rate?
As the sampling rate increases what happens to the sound quality?
What is the sampling rate for CD quality sound?
What is bit rate?
How is bit rate calculated for CD quality sound?

13. Review How do MP3 files compare in quality and size to CD audio?
What is Psychoacoustic and how does it relate to MP3?
What are lossless and lossy in regards to audio compression?
What is Microsoft’s preferred audio file format?
What is Apple’s preferred audio file format?

14. Players, Services, Formats & DRM

15. Digital Rights Management (DRM)
DRM provides a way to control if and how many times a digital music file can be copied.
Fairplay: Apple’s DRM technology used in m4p files.
Janus: Microsoft’s DRM technology used in wma files (wma-drm 9.0).
Zune wma-drm 9.1: Microsofts new DRM for Zune not compatible with Janus.

16. Online Music Distribution
Wma drm 9.0 Online Stores
AOL Music Now
Yahoo! Music Unlimited
Musicmatch
Napster
Rhapsody To Go
Ruckus
Sony Music Store
URGE
Virgin Digital
Tesco Downloads
Wma drm 9.1 Stores
Zune
M4P Stores
iTunes
No DRM Stores
The public’s reaction to DRM…

18. Audio File Formats & Players
wav
aiff
mp3
aac (m4a)
aac (m4p)
wma
wma (drm 9.0)
wma (drm 9.1)
iPod X
Zen
Zune

19. Ripping CD’s & Encoding
Ripping: Transferring Music from CD to hard drive
Encoding: Changing the format of a music file
Demo

20. Audio File Formats & Services
wav
aiff
mp3
aac (m4a)
aac (m4p)
wma
wma (drm 9.0)
wma (drm 9.1)
iPod X
Zen
Zune
iTunes
Napster

21. Restrictions: Fairplay & iTunes
FairPlay will allow a protected track to be used in the following ways:
The protected track may be copied to any number of iPod portable music players.
The protected track may be played on up to five authorized computers simultaneously.
The protected track may be copied to a standard Audio CD any number of times.
The resulting CD has no DRM and may be ripped, encoded and played back like any other CD.
A particular playlist within iTunes containing a protected track can be copied to a CD only up to seven times before the playlist must be changed.
Demo iTunes

22. Restrictions: Janus & Napster
Monthly Subscription:
$10 per month to download and stream an unlimited amount of music while subscribed to the service.
$5 per month to use the music on “PlaysForSure” portable device.
$.99 song purchases
Unlimited burns of individual tracks.
Unlimited transfers to Napster compatible portable devices.
Copy your music to three computers.
Demo Napster

23. Restrictions: WMA DRM 9.1, Zune
Zune Marketplace Subscription$14.99/month
Access millions of songs from 3 PC
Transfer to Zune player
No burning to disk
Purchase songs with Microsoft Points, 400 for $5 = 79 points per song = $0.99
Wirelessly share music with other Zunes. Shared songs last three days or three plays.
Demo: Zune

24. Review What is the purpose of DRM?
What are the three popular forms of DRM in use today?
Which DRM is supported by the most online music services?
What portable player would you buy if you wanted to use Napster?
How about iTunes or Zune?
Would you consider the online music industry to be well organized?

25. Digital Music Options

26. Online Music Pay Per Track Monthly Subscription Internet Radio
Monthly Subscription
Internet Radio
Free Services

27. Portable MP3 Players www.cnet.com > MP3
Portable players selection based on
compatibility
capacity (flash or microdrive)
ease of use
Selecting headphones (

28. Podcasts www.podcast.net http://www.ipodder.org iTunes
RSS (Really Simple Syndication) is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated digital content, such as blogs, news feeds or podcasts.
iTunes
Podcast Software
Making Podcasts
GarageBand (demo)

29. Home/Auto MP3 Players
> Home Audio > Network Audio Player
iPod Complimentary Speaker Systems
iPod Compatible Auto Sound Systems
CD/MP3 Players

31. Cell Phone Music Service

32. Satellite Radio Sirius vs. XM: Choice based on Price ($12.95/month)
Quality of Service
Quality of Receivers
Programming

33. Digital Radio

34. Summary: Music Devices
Home
Office
Auto
OnFoot
AM/FM Radio X
HD Radio
Satellite Radio
CD Player (CD-R MP3 Capable)
Television
Personal Computer
Network Audio System
Portable Player (iPod)
Portable Player Speaker System
Cell Phone

35. Summary: Music Suppliers
Price
Streamed
On Demand
User Owned
Legal
Availability
Programming
Total
Internet Music Subscription (Napster) 5 10 9 63
Cell Phone Music Service 3 57
Internet Pay Per Tune Only (iTunes) 54
Podcasts 4
File Sharing Networks 50
CD Vendors 45
CD Rip and Burn
Internet Radio 39
Satellite Radio 8 38
HD Radio Stations 37
Radio Stations 36
Cable TV 2 32