1. P4 Explaining motion Topics P4.1 How can we describe motion?
P4.2 What are forces?
P4.3 What is the connection between forces and motion?
P4.4 How can we describe motion in terms of energy changes?

2. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion?
1. apply the following equation to situations where an average speed is involved:
Speed (m/s) = distance travelled (m)
time taken (s)
2. distinguish between average speed and instantaneous speed (in effect, an average over a short time interval) for examples of motion where speed is changing.
3. understand that distances measured in one direction are positive, and in the other, negative.
4. draw and interpret the shape of a distance-time graph.
5. draw and interpret the shape of a velocity-time graph.

3. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion?
Tasks:   Study the graph and answer the following questions: (a) Describe the journey along OA, AB, BC (b) Calculate the acceleration during the first 20 seconds. (c) How long does the body has zero acceleration for? (d) Calculate the distance travelled during the journey.

4. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion?

5. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion?
5. interpret a steeper gradient of a distance-time graph as a higher speed.
6. calculate a speed from the gradient of a straight section of a distance-time graph.
7. recall that the velocity of an object at any instant is its speed plus an indication of the direction.
8. relate these ideas about recording motion to applications such as lorry tachographs.

6. P4 Explaining motion
P4.1 How can we describe motion?

7. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion?
Defintions:
Velocity can be defined as “speed having direction”.
We can also define velocity as the “rate of change of displacement” whereas “the speed is rate of change of distance”.
Displacement is the distance between the initial point and final point of an object. It must be the shortest interval connecting the initial and final points, that is a straight lin
If two cars travelling at the same speed, but in opposite directions, have different velocities. One velocity will be positive, and the velocity in the other direction will be negative.

8. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion?
Work it Out!
Look at the picture below, boy travels from D to A, A to B, B to C and C to D.
a. What is the distance travelled?
b. What is the displacement?
Displacement from D to D (which are our initial and final points) is zero. However, distance travelled is not zero. It is equal to the perimeter of the rectangle.

9. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion? Work it Out!
John walks from the point A to B to C.
What does the distance he travel?
What is the displacement?
Displacement is 5m and it's direction is from the point A to C.

10. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion? Work it Out!
Look at the picture.
An object moves from point A through B, C, D, E
and stops at point F.
a) Find  final displacement.
b) Find distance taken from point A to D.
We find final displacement by drawing straight line from point A to final point F. As you can see from the graph, object changes its position 8m.
Displacement = Final position - Initial position
Displacement = 10m - 2m = 8m
b) We find distance taken by object;
A to B = = 8m
B to C = = 8m
C to D = = 4m
Total distance taken from point A to D is = 8m + 8m + 4m =20m

11. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion?
Average Speed versus Instantaneous Speed
Instantaneous Speed - the speed at any given instant in time.
Average Speed - the average of all instantaneous speeds; found simply by a distance/time ratio.
Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
Instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a given instant of time, however, as in the case of speed, average velocity is calculated with displacement over time interval.

12. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion? Work it out!
Calculate the speed and velocity of the man moving 45m to the north, and 36m to the south in 27 seconds.
First we should calculate distance travelled and displacement of the man to calculate speed and velocity.
Total distance covered = 45m + 6m = 81m
Speed = total distance/time of travel = 81m / 27s = 3m/s
Velocity = displacement/time = (45-36) m / 27s = 9m /27s = 0,33m/s
We show with this example that speed and velocity are not the same thing.

13. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion? Work it out!
Example A man traveling with his car 150m to the east and than 70m to the west, calculate the average speed and velocity of the car if the travel takes10 seconds.
Average Velocity=Displacement/Time Interval Displacement=150m-70m=80m
Average Velocity= 80m/10s=8m/s east
Average Speed=Total Distance Travelled/Time Interval
Average Speed= (150m+70m)/10s
Average Speed=22m/s

14. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion?
Distance-time graphs (Higher Tier)
To calculate the gradient of the line on a graph, you need to divide the change in the vertical axis by the change in the horizontal axis.
Question - What is the speed represented by the blue line?
Answer The object travels 10m in 2s.
Its speed is 10 ÷ 2 = 5m/s.

15. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion?
One example of a velocity-time graph is a lorry tachograph. Tachograph records are circular disks recording the speed of the vehicle. This shows whether the lorry driver has been keeping to the speed limit and taking regular rest breaks.
This section of a tachograph disk shows that the driver started driving shortly after 9:30, and was travelling at 60 miles/hour until 10:50, when he took a 20-minute break. At 11:10 he speeded up again, and took a 10-minute break at about 12:00.

16. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion?

17. P4 Explaining motion P4.1 How can we describe motion?
Great work year 11, see you all Friday.
Period 3 & 4 in room