1. Honors Biology CHAPTER 8 REVIEW
“Sex in the Cell City”

2. #1 Contrast asexual and sexual reproduction:
1 parent
Forms identical cells
Forms 2 daughter cells
SEXUAL
2 parents
Forms different cells
Forms 4 daughter cells

3. #2 Compare: Chromatin, Chromosomes, Chromatids

4. ANSWER ALL ARE DNA + PROTEIN Chromatin – loose in interphase
Chromosomes – dense and coiled in mitosis- connected by a centromere
Chromatid – condensed - paired with identical sister chromatid

5. To determine the number of chromosomes, count the centromere regions
There are 3
chromosomes here
There are 6
chromosomes
here

6. #3 What do you call… A fertilized egg Zygote Fertilization
Joining of the egg and sperm

7. #4
What do you call asexual reproduction in prokaryotes?
Binary fission
What do you call asexual reproduction in eukaryotes?
mitosis

8. Asexual and Sexual Repro
How do the chromosome numbers compare before and after reproduction in each?
EXAMPLE: If the original cell had 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would each cell have after each type of reproduction?

9. ANSWER
Sexual Reproduction -resulting cells have half the number of chromosomes
(start with 20 – end with 10 chromosomes)
Diploid to haploid
Asexual Reproduction -resulting cells have the identical number of chromosomes
(start and end with 20 chromosomes)
Diploid to diploid

10. #5Contrast DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Shape
Size
complexity

11. ANSWER #5 Chromosomes differ in…
PROKARYOTES
One Circular chromosome
Smaller (3,000 genes in bacterium)
simpler
EUKARYOTES
Many Long strands of chromosomes
Larger ( 100,000 genes in humans)
More complex

12. #4 Compare the number of genes:
Humans to bacteria
ANSWER:
100,000 to 3,000

13. Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase Prometaphase
6. Put in correct order
Telophase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Prophase
Prometaphase

14. P PM M A T 6. ANSWER Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase

15. 7. How does nuclear membrane change?
In prometaphase
dissolves
In telophase
reforms

16. Division of the cytoplasm
8. What is…?
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm

17. 8. How is cytokinesis different in…
PLANT CELLS
ANIMAL CELLS

18. 8. ANSWER PLANT CELLS Form cell plate ANIMAL CELLS
Form a cleavage furrow by pinching in the cytoplasm

19. 8. (continued) Define:
Cell plate
Cleavage furrow

20. 8. ANSWER Cleavage Furrow
Pinching of the cytoplasm by actin pulling like a drawstring
Cell plate
In plant cells the cell wall will form

21. 9. What goes on in each? G1 S G2

22. G1grows in size, increases organelles S DNA synthesis (replicates)
ANSWER
G1grows in size, increases organelles
S DNA synthesis (replicates)
G2 makes centrioles for cell division + growth

23. Mitosis? A. make bigger cells
What is the purpose of…
Mitosis? A. make bigger cells
B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells
C. make copies of cells with twice the number of chromosomes
D. decrease the number of cells

24. B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells
ANSWER
B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells

25. 10. Locate
Chromatids
Centromeres
Asters
Centrioles
spindles

26. 10. ANSWER
Chromatids
Centromeres
asters
Spindles
centrioles

27. 11. Spindles
What is the difference between the kinetochore and the non-kinetochore spindles?
Kinetochore spindles are attached to the chromatids and shorten
Non-kinetochore spindles
go pole-to-pole and lengthen
the cell

28. Chromatids move to the poles (centrioles)?
11. What makes the…
Chromatids move to the poles (centrioles)?
Kinetochore spindles shorten and motor proteins power the movement

29. 11. ANSWER kinesin motor protein Motor Proteins (dynein)-use ATP to
grab and move
the chromatid

30. 12. Growth Factor
Chemical produced outside of the cell to start the cells to begin the cell cycle
EX: when you have a cut

31. 12. What is the purpose of a growth factor?
naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth
Remember the mice would healing article at the beginning of the year? What did VEGF do? (grape-seed article)
Create blood vessels if at an injury site

32. 13. MATCHING
1 Cells divide A. anchorage until reach a definite dependence limit (other cells, walls) 2 cells need contact B. cancer cells to grow 3 cells continue to grow C. density- Uncontrollably dependent inhibition

33. 13. MATCHING ANSWERS
1-C Cells divide A. anchorage until reach a definite dependence limit (other cells, walls) 2-A cells need contact B. cancer cells to grow 3-B cells continue to grow C. density- Uncontrollably dependent inhibition

34. 14. MATCH THE CANCERS A. carcinoma B. sarcoma C. lymphoma D. leukemia
E. metastasis
1. spread of cancer cells beyond site
2. cancer from bone marrow
3. cancer from outer skin or linings
4. support tissue cancers (bone, muscle)
5. cancer of lymphatic system

35. 14. MATCH THE CANCERS 3 A. carcinoma 4 B. sarcoma 5 C. lymphoma
2 D. leukemia
1 E. metastasis
1. spread of cancer cells beyond site
2. cancer from bone marrow (makes WBC)
3. cancer from outer skin or linings
4. support tissue cancers (bone, muscle)
5. cancer of lymphatic system

36. 14. MATCH THE CANCERS Benign Malignant tumor
1. tumor growth spread to other tissue
2. abnormal growth but not beyond original site
3. abnormal growth of cells

37. 14. MATCH THE CANCERS 2 Benign 1 Malignant 3 tumor
1. tumor growth spread to other tissue
2. abnormal growth but not beyond original site
3. abnormal growth of cells

38. 15. What is the name of the gene that...
Gene that causes breast cancer
P27 (on chromosome 12 FYI)
Spellchecks DNA for errors and repairs them?
p53

41. 17. What is the name of…
The protein that signals each phase of the cell cycle to start?
Cyclins
(build up
and break
down)

42. How do cyclins and cdk’s work together?
Cdk is an enzyme that
attaches to cyclin to form
MPF (maturation
promotion factor) to begin
that part of the cell
Cycle
Phosphate group activates
with energy

43. Abnormal in the cell cycle?
18. How are cancer cells...
Abnormal in the cell cycle?

44. ANSWER
Do not have a properly functioning cell cycle control system-grow uncontrollably

45. 18. What body cells...
Divide a lot?
Not at all after formed?

46. Don’t divide after formed Nerve (brain) muscle Divide a lot skin blood
18. What cells…
Don’t divide after formed
Nerve (brain)
muscle
Divide a lot
skin
blood
digestive tract

47. 18. What part of the cell cycle…
Is when cells that do not divide leave the cell cycle or go to differentiate? G0

48. 19. Name the Phase of Mitosis
Chromatin thickens
nuclear envelope disappears
nuclear envelope reforms
Prophase
prometaphase
telophase

49. 19. Name the Phase of Mitosis
Centrioles moving to the opposite poles
spindle fibers form
cell plate forms
Prophase
prophase
Telophase/
cytokinesis

50. 19. Name the Phase of Mitosis
Chromosomes line up at the equator
cytoplasm divides
Metaphase
cytokinesis

51. Identify the Phase of Mitosis
anaphase

52. Identify the Phase of Mitosis
prophase

53. Identify the Phase of Mitosis
telophase

54. Identify the Phase of cell cycle
Interphase

55. Identify the Phase of Mitosis
prometaphase

56. Identify the Phase of Mitosis
Metaphase

61. If given the diploid number, what is the haploid number?40 24 16
Haploid 20 12 8

73. #29 What are gametes? A. autosomes B. female chromosomes C. sex cells
D. daughter cells
ANSWER: Gametes are sex cells. For Human they are sperm (male) and egg (female)

75. 30. What phase of meiosis?

76. 30. What phase of meiosis? P1 A1 A2 M1 M2 P2
4 daughter cells

77. 30. What phase of meiosis?

78. 30. What phase of meiosis? A-I B. P1 early C.P1 late D. M1 E. F. A1
G. T1
H. Interkinesis
I. P2
J. M2
K. A2
L. T2
M.4 daughter cells

84. 32. What 3 factors increase genetic variability after meiosis?
1. independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I (which chromosome lined up on each side)
2. random fertilization (which sperm joined which egg)
3. crossing over
(ALSO MUTATION…coming in next unit)