1. Ann Brown September 29, 1999 to US Media Press Conference.
“Evidence Based” Perspectives On What Makes Bedsharing With Exclusive Breastfeeding Safer? What Makes Bedsharing Dangerous
Don’t sleep with your baby or put the baby down in an adult bed. The only safe place for a baby to sleep is in a crib that meets current safety standards and has a firm tight-fitting mattress.”
Ann Brown September 29, 1999 to US Media Press Conference. or
“There is no such thing as a baby, there is a baby and someone” D.Winnecott ?

2. American Academy Of Pediatrics New SIDS Prevention Recommendations (I served as an ad hoc expert member)
***proximate but separate sleep for baby;
i.e. parent-infant co-sleeping!
no side position sleeping;
cuddling but no bedsharing
pacifers for sleeping infants, after breast feeding is established;
more holding and carrying
(but no bedsharing, described as hazardous)

3. What is Safe: Who Decides?
What is Safe: Who Decides? Should Huggies Be Asked to Remove this Ad?
What is Safe: Who Decides?
“We all need to contact Huggies and request that the ad be removed.” from Cribs for Kids”

4. Where the controversies lie?
(General Questions)
Bedsharing safety..how safe is safe? Informed parents ? or medical authorities decide?
Evidence (whose) ? What kind of evidence is privileged or prioritized? Only Epidemiology? Laboratory? Home Studies? Ethological? Evolutionary? Cross-cultural?
Who decides which lines of evidence are unimportant to recommendations?
Who decides which risks are worth taking and what risks are worth investing in to eliminate?
Whose civil rights are at stake here as regards public condemnations/denigrations of bedsharing and the witholding of safety information to reduce bedsharing risks?

5. “Bowlby looked forward to a time when children’s rights would be respected universally without the need to ‘‘champion’’ them, a task to which he was uniquely suited by his life experience, his endowment, and his distinguished nature.” ‘A tribute to the legacy of John Bowlby at the centenary of his birth’ SEBASTIAN KRAEMER1, HOWARD STEELE2, & JEREMY HOLMES3 Attachment & Human Development, December 2007; 9(4): 303 – 306

6. When up, is not up, and when down is not down. i. e
When up, is not up, and when down is not down.. i.e. when what is biologically “good” for infants is conceptualized as “bad”, what is “normal” is considered “abnormal”, when infant “adaptive” responses are interpreted as “deficiencies”
Solitary Infant sleep (separation and autonomy) is “good”
Social, infant “co-sleeping”
(interdependence) is bad

7. (Center for Disease Control )
What Is Co-sleeping?
“When my two lovely daughters are sleeping at the same time”
Robert Hahn, Ph.D.
(Center for Disease Control )

8. Bobby Bowdin….Florida State University Head Football Coach
“I slept in the same bed with my grand daddy..and then in the same bed with my four cousins..I never slept alone t’il I got married”!
South Bend Tribune.. 9/29/2000

10. Diversity of Co-sleeping (requires taxonomic distinctions)
partial, mixed
Co-bedding twins
(within sensory range)
bedsharing with Dad

11. Parent -infant co-sleeping is biologically and psychologically expectable, if not inevitable?

13. In all it’s forms…. Koala Maori, New Zealand napping desert Aborigine
recliner co-sleeping (unsafe)

14. To be fair…Solitary Sleep
But look at the damage it has done, thinking it is “normal”

15. We have a long way to go…. Present medical-cultural milieu: warn mothers about what their their bodies do TO their infants, rather than what theirr bodies do FOR their babies
“Babies Sleep Safest Alone.”
New York State Public Health Campaign
“For you to rest easy, your baby must rest alone.”
Philadelphia Public Health Campaign.
“We know the value of holding your child, cuddling your child, loving your child. But if you take the baby to bed with you and fall asleep, you are committing a potentially lethal act”
Deanne Tilton Durfee, Director of the Los Angeles County Inter-Agency Council on Child Abuse and Neglect. Los Angeles Times 4/24/08.
This distrust of the body has in turn manifested itself as fear of what caregivers can do to harm their infants, especially during bedsharing. As opposed to viewing the maternal body as an evolved, necessary homeostatic regulator of infant well being it is increasingly labeled as a dangerous risk factor in need of monitoring and avoidance.
“But if you take the baby to bed with you and fall asleep, you are committing a potentially lethal act,” -Los Angeles county official,Director of the Child Abuse and neglect Center, implying criminality and potential prosecution should your baby die in an adult bed. This amount to intimidating tactics..and civil warnings to parents not to”co-sleep” or you might be subject to having your children taken away, is a totally inappropriate comment from someone not even remotely familiar with the biological validity of mother-infant co-sleeping, nor why the infants actually die I.e. because of risk factors (prone sleeping,maternal smoking) not bedsharing per se… or why they “co-sleep” for that matter.
Mothers are being told in many hospitals to get out of bed to breastfeed the baby. Never be awake in bed to feed..and indeed, never let a baby sleep prone on your chest even while you or your husband are awake.
This extends to the media where alarmist headlines deliver biased and confused perspectives on the nature of cosleeping.
Every parent should know: Co-sleeping kills: Philadelphia Daily News
Philadelphia Dept of Human Services: “all babies should be placed to sleep in cribs. Never in an an adult bed.
Does co-sleeping kill? LA Times Online. One can ask: why was not anyone asking do cribs kill..? Does solitary sleep kill..when a “holocaust “of babies were lost to “crib or cot death’…sleeping alone.Why is it that when deaths are reported it is framed as if the only important and preventable deaths are from those babies sleeping with an adult and never from those vast majority of instances in which the babies slept out of supervision and proximity of the adults. It appears from USA Health Statistics that it is not a minority, but a majority of babies that bedshare..(PRAM Studies) and yet, the greatest numbers of babies dying are found in solitary contexts. Still, the percentages given for deaths only concentrate on co-sleeping deaths that lump known dangerous couch and sofa co-sleeping..with dangerous bedsharing or recliner sleeping..to communicate not how dangerous solitary sleep is, but how dangerous (and without qualifications)”sleeping with baby”, “co-sleeping’, is.

16. Cosleeping Tombstone (for headboard)
City of Milwaukee: Anti- bedsharing Campaign. Anne Benton: “Bedsharing is dangerous…as far as we are concerned there is no debate…”
Implication: a good parent would never take their baby to bed with them..A responsible parent would never do this..which means only irresponsible parents would and should therefore be subject to prosecution and/or having their infant removed by child protective services.

17. Wisconsin Campaign: Mothers Body is Depicted as No More Protective That An Inert Metal Cleaver?
The cleaver represents the mother sleeping next to her infant

18. Controlling what is talked about is
Critical..who controls the discourse?
Baltimore Anti-bedsharing Campaign. (This woman’s baby died in Milwaukee)
What was this mother told? What actually happened? “Alone” Crib”? “No exceptions”? Who is this poster talking to? By what rights or authority do these civil-county personnel make this declaration?

19. Jill Porter City wakes up to infant co-sleeping danger 2 MORE DEATHS TRIGGER ACTION “NOW THEY GET IT” . “City officials called a hasty press conference yesterday to warn the public that sleeping with an infant puts the baby at risk of sudden death. Because, since Saturday, two more babies have died in Philadelphia while sleeping with other people. ….” Philadelphia Daily News

20. Nothing illustrates the philosophical differences better than this:
Following the tragic death of a bedsharing infant whose teen mother drank 18 cans of beer before retiring to bed with her infant,
Then President of a national SIDS organization wrote to the Editor of the San Antonio Tribune, 2000, saying:
“Sharing an adult bed with an infant is not cool, nor is it an indicator of educated parenting.”

21. Continuing the history of moral judgments by external anonymous medical authorities essentially dictating to parents what is and is not acceptable infant care… stigmatizing any refutation and implying that parents have no civil rights, no ‘knowledge’ or jurisdiction in these areas..

22. The problem is..our culture places infants at odds with their biology because..
“ …There would be little if any difficulty exchanging a Cro-Magnon and a modern infant, but great incongruity in making the same switch amongst adults of both cultures.”
David Barash: The Tortoise and The Hare (1987)

23. is the human mother’s sleeping body
an inherent lethal weapon against which she and her infant need to be protected…?

24. The co-sleeping debate: two faces, two “truths” in one..
do you see them.. ( a young and and old woman, in one face?)

25. SUDI/SIDS : benefits-risks continuum
Two distinct bedsharing subgroups
Elected
Breast feeding
Non-smokers
Stiff mattress
Non-elected
Bottle fed
Smokers
Risk ‘factors”
please consider deleting this figure
Less Risk (protective?)
More Risk

26. At the population level “outcomes” are not explained by “practice”
What kind of relationship is brought to bed to share ?
Maternal Motivation and Purpose? Feeding?
How is bedsharing outcomes linked to quality of attachment, maternal motivation, mental health, knowledge of adverse risk factors?
(Bedsharing As Each Family Practices It)
LEADS TO BENEFITS?
(Black Box)
who? what? how,
why? or
LEADS TO DEATH?
How linked to family characteristics including feeding method?

27. Double standard of “cause” “diagnosis” and “remedy” of crib vs
Double standard of “cause” “diagnosis” and “remedy” of crib vs. co-sleeping deaths must be challenged
Infant dies sleeping prone in crib
Cause: sleeping prone…
Diagnosis: SIDS
Remedy: turn infants supine, educate and inform
A tragic problem to be solved
Infant dies sleeping prone in bed with parents
Cause: bedsharing
Diagnosis: Asphyxiation by overlay
Remedy: eliminate all bedsharing, retract safety information on safer bedsharing, condemn the practice;
A deadly practice to eliminate

28. take…for example, the article by Person et al 2002
take…for example, the article by Person et al take a look at how the numbers are presented, interpreted..and the conclusion reached..the data do not match the conclusions
Infants sleeping alone..29/56 deaths
Cribs..19 (65% of total)
Adult bed… 5 (17% of total)
Couch..3 (10.3% of total)
Car seat 1, dresser drawer 1 (each 3.4%)
Infants co-sleeping..27/56 deaths 48%

29. “These findings support recent studies that suggest that co-sleeping or placing an infant in an adult bed is a potentially dangerous practice” T.Person W.Levezzi and B.Wolf Arch Pathol Lab Med vol 126 Macrh 2002.
Of 27 co sleeping deaths…
14 slept with adults,
7 of which were intoxicated..bringing unexplained co-sleeping deaths down to 20
of these 20--
9 babies died while sleeping on a couch (known to be extremely dangerous) bringing total down to 11 co-sleeping deaths …
of these 11,
4 babies were sleeping with their twin sibling in cribs..bringing total to 7
Of the original undifferentiated “co-sleeping deaths” 7 infants died while sleeping with an adult in a bed..but no “risk factors” or other confounding variables are reportedincluding feeding method, infant sleep position and/or maternal smoking.

33. Sleeping arrangements are on a nighttime and weekly basis very fluid and changeable.
Where babies begin their sleep is not necessarily if at all where they end it, especially but not exclusivey amongst breastfeeding mothers.
Ball and Hooker (1999) found that had they not videotaped and re-asked about where the baby slept they would have missed about 40% of the true bedsharing amongst her families studied.
If the case control studies where parents are asked where their baby slept on a reference night and the parents responded as inaccurately as did Ball’s families, many of the epidemiological studies showing bedsharing risks would disappear. No studies tested for the accuracy of interpretations of responses from parents who babies lived!

35. Recall our “two models”
Recall our “two models” ? How One Interprets Infant Sleep Related Behaviors Depends on Initial Assumptions
If to the researcher co-sleeping/breastfeeding is normative, appropriate and expectable (biologically) then..
Babies accepting separation and isolation without protesting do so at their own peril;
Or--Infants who accept separation without protesting are developmentally immature and not adapted vigorously;
Infants who “sleep through the night’ at young ages are “at risk”;
Infants resting body temperature while sleeping alone is sub-normal;
Infant night wakings are advantageous especially when associated with breastfeeding..

36. inspired by cross-species, cross-cultural, developmental, historical and evolutionary studies…. a little experiment…. A little research…

37. University of Notre Dame Mother-Baby Behavioral
Sleep Laboratory
(morning wake up)
first time mothers, teen moms…
Research funded by
NICHD RO1

38. What Science Tells Us …

40. Baby Room
Revolving Camera/Close-Up Capacities
Infra Red and Audio

41. Parental Bedroom With Infra Red Lights, Audio Recording Devices And Cameras Embedded in Ceiling

43. Variations of Safe/Unsafe Sleep Practices Infra-red Video Studies: Crib-Solitary and Bedsharing ( HD )
Examples:
1.Solitary-crib baby placed prone, face down;
2. Neck-wrap, head covering, pillow, solitary, crib baby;
3.Bottle-feed bedshare between pillow, teen mom ,lack of maternal response;
4.Breast feeding mothers, high level of responsivity to infant;

45. Why Is Breast Feeding So Important to the Bedsharing Issue?
Mother-infant co-sleeping with breast feeding is an integrated, inherently adaptive system, mutually reinforcing, appropriate, predictable;
Changes social and biological characteristics of infant and maternal sleep (connectedness-sensitivities) of co-sleeping dyad..different from bottle feeding pairs…
Functional landscape of bed environment i.e. “outcomes” different from non-breast feeding-bedsharing contexts…

46. “Breast Feeding and the Risk of Post-neonatal Death In the United States”
Studied 1204 infants who died between 28 days and 1 year from causes other than congenital anomaly/tumor.and (7740 children who lived at 1 year) (controls);
Calculated odds specific odd ratios for ever/never breast feeding amongst all children …race-birth weight specific analysis--and duration-response effects;
Longer breast feeding associated with lower risk: odds ratio range from:
.59 95% CI for injuries to 0.84% (95%CI: ) for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS); (Amin Chen and Walter J.Rogan)
“Breast feeding has the potential to save or delay ~720 post=neonatal deaths in the United States each year
Pediatrics (2004) 113: E …url:

47. Characteristic Differences Between Breast and Formula Fed Infants Pertinent To Understanding Outcomes
In discourse about the safety of bedsharing (one form of co-sleeping) the effect of feeding method is either dismissed or overlooked.

48. All studies confirm that bedsharing increases breast feeding frequency and duration (below..McKenna et al 1997, see also Ball 2003, Baddock 2006, Young 1999)
From: McKenna et al. Pediatrics 1997 “Bedsharing Promotes Breastfeeding”

49. Breastfeeding frequencies double or triple while co-sleeping
Fig. 4 Mean number of breastfeeds per night (with SE) for routine solitary sleepers (while sleeping separately, n = 16) and routine bedsharers (while bedsharing, n = 20), averaged over all three laboratory nights. Significant between group difference, **P < 0.01.
LT Gettler and JJ McKenna Am J Phys Anthropol March; 144(3): 454–462.

50. Breastfeeding Intervals Reduced By Co-sleeping
Fig. 5 Mean interval between breastfeeds (with SE) for routine solitary sleepers (while sleeping separately, n = 16) and routine bedsharers (while bedsharing, n = 20), averaged over all three laboratory nights. Statistical trend towards between group difference, ^P < LT Gettler and JJ McKenna Am J Phys Anthropol March; 144(3): 454–462.

52. Breastfeeding increased protection against SIDS!!
“Infants who are formula fed are twice as likely to die of SIDS than breastfed infants.”
Case control study of 333 cases of SIDS matched against 998 age -matched controls in Germany, from
Vennemann MM, Bajanowski T, Jorch G, Mitchell EA. Does Breastfeeding reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?” Pediatrics Vol.123, March 2009, pp e

53. Breast Feeding Matters In All Areas Of Infant Mortality Especially Effecting African Americans
“Breastfed infants are 80% less likely to die before age 1 year than those who never breast fed, even controlling for low birthweight”;
For every 100 deaths in the formula-fed group, there were 20 deaths in the breast fed group
Using breast feeding as the normative behavior (20 deaths in the first year) the formula group with 100 deaths, had five times as many deaths or a 500% increase in mortality..
Forste et al 2001: Pediatrics

54. Forste et al. 2001
“Analysis of infant mortality indicated that breast feeding accounts for race difference in infant mortality in the United States at least as well as low birth weight does”
Pediatrics 2001;108:

55. “Breast Feeding and the Risk of Post-neonatal Death In the United States”
Studied 1204 infants who died between 28 days and 1 year from causes other than congenital anomaly/tumor.and (7740 children who lived at 1 year) (controls);
Calculated odds specific odd ratios for ever/never breast feeding amongst all children …race-birth weight specific analysis--and duration-response effects;
Longer breast feeding associated with lower risk: odds ratio range from:
.59 95% CI for injuries to 0.84% (95%CI: ) for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS); (Amin Chen and Walter J.Rogan)
“Breast feeding has the potential to save or delay ~720 post=neonatal deaths in the United States each year
Pediatrics (2004) 113: E …url:

56. wake sleep Wake Mom Baby Mom Mom Baby Mom Baby Baby
All-night sleep-wake histograms for five (A-E) cosleeping pairs. Mosko, McKenna et al (1993). Journal of Behavioral Medicine 16 (6). Note the synchronicty of awakenings

57. During co-sleeping maternal-infant behavior and physiology becomes entwined…by way of synchronous partner induced arousals and communication
60 % of all maternal arousals during bedsharing are explained by the infant having aroused first, within +/- 2 seconds while..
40% of all infant arousals during bedsharing are explained by the mother having aroused within +/- 2 seconds
1996 Mosko, S, Richard, C and McKenna, J; Drummond, S, Infant Sleep Architecture During Bedsharing and Possible Implications for SIDS. Sleep 19:
1997 Mosko, S., Richard, C., McKenna, J., Infant Arousals in the Bedsharing Environment: Implications for Infant Sleep Development and SIDS. Pediatrics 100 (2)
 1997 McKenna J, Mosko S, and Richard, C, Bedsharing Promotes Breast Feeding. Pediatrics 100 (2)

58. Figure Synchronous breathing pauses of cosleeping mother-infant pairs.
Baby >
Mom >
Figure Synchronous breathing pauses of cosleeping mother-infant pairs.
McKenna, JJ and Mosko, S. (1990). Human Nature 1 (3).

59. Over 8 hours of sleep approximately 12% of the time mothers and infants are doing the exact same thing at the same time, because the other is doing it.

60. Body- Facial Orientations Amongst 24 Solitary Sleeping and Bedsharing Mothers and Infants
Research funded by National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development RO

61. Co-sleeping in the form of Bedsharing: Increased protection for arousal deficient infants?

62. EFFECTS OF BEDSHARING ON INFANT SLEEP
Bedsharing Night vs. Solitary Night
Total Wakefulness During Sleep 14%
Sleep Stage %’s (of TST)
% Stage 4% <0.001
% Stage 3%
% Stage REM
Mean Stage Durations
Stage 16%
Stage 16%
Stage REM 26%
Waking
Arousal Frequency (/hr)
Stage 3-4
EWs 38%
TAs *
Stage 1-2
EWs
TAs
Stage REM
EWs 35% p<0.001
TAs
Table reflects results of 2x2 repeated measures ANOVA (laboratory sleeping condition x routine sleeping condition). Entries show significant (p<0.05) effects of laboratory condition (BN vs SN). (Mosko et al 1996)

63. EFFECTS OF BEDSHARING ON MATERNAL SLEEP
Bedsharing Night vs Solitary Night p value
Total Sleep Time (TST)
Total Wakefulness During Sleep
Sleep Stage %’s (of TST)
% Stage 4%
% Stage 4%
% Stage REM
Mean Stage Durations
Stage 25%
Stage 30% <0.001
Stage REM
Waking 62% <0.001
Arousal Frequency (/hr)
Stage 3-4
EWs 67% <0.001
TAs
Stage 1-2
EWs 37% <0.001
TAs 28% <0.001
Stage REM
EWs
TAs
Table reflects results of 2x2 repeated measures ANOVA (laboratory sleeping condition x routine sleeping condition).
(*see Mosko, Richard, McKenna 1997 Sleep 20 (2) )

64. Pacifiers and SIDS
Some studies seemed to find pacifier use protective against SIDS (Mitchell, Fleming)
Babies given pacifiers on reference night less likely to die than babies without pacifiers
All pacifier users in CDESDI/SUDI study were artificially fed – statistically removed all breastfeeding babies
L’Hoir (Netherlands) “recommended dummy use for BoF babies” (Eur J Pediatr 1999)

65. Mother-infant Simultaneous Polysomnography
Observing and Physiologically Recording Babies And Mothers Sleeping and Breastfeeding (Together and Apart)
Lighter sleep (less stage3-4, more satge1-2)
More Diverse Sleep (greater number of stage changes)
Longer Sleep In Minutes
Breastfeeding Doubles or Triples
Increased Interactions, Vocalizations, Movements
Physiological Unpredictability For Both
Sleep Positions and Mutual Orientations Change
More transient and epochal mutual arousals or partner -induced arousals
Increased Sleep-Wake Stage Synchrony
Less crying, More Maternal Interventions
More Heart Rate and Breathing Variability
Sub-normal body Temperatures in Solitary Sleeping Infants
Shift in average duration, frequency, and distribution of obstructive and central apneas per stage of sleep
Photo :Max Aguillero-Hellwig
Discover Magazine
Mother-infant Simultaneous Polysomnography

67. Carpenter: 20 regions of Europe
745 cases, 2411 controls, 60 variables
62%: prone sleeping or bedcovers over baby’s head
“Twice the risk (36% of cases vs 16%) if the baby slept in another room, away from the mother”
Odds ratio for smokers was 11.3 times greater than for nonsmokers
“substantial risk attributable to smoking by one or both parents” (77% had maternal smoking)
“all night bedsharing should be discouraged for all mothers who smoke”
Method of feeding was not reported
Carpenter RG, Irgerns ALM, Blaire PS, England PD, Fleming P, Jorch G, Schreuder P. Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study. Lancet 2004;363:

68. Chicago Infant Mortality Study, 1993-1996
260 deaths, matched controls; 75% black
High risk: prone position, soft surface, pillow use, covers over head/face, Sick in the 2 days prior to death
“Bedsharing was only a risk when infant was sleeping with people other than the parents. Because there were few mother-father bed sharers, the findings were driven by the mother-infant dyad. These results are reassuring and consistent with laboratory studies demonstrating that more maternal inspections, more infant arousals, and less deep sleep among infants may occur when mothers and infants sleep together routinely.”
Hauck FR, Herman SM, Donovan M et al. Sleep environment and the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in an urban population: the Chicago Infant Mortality Study. Pediatrics 2003;111(5):

70. FACE EACH OTHER (FEO), AS IS TYPICAL
the “articulated” mother-infant unit is the appropriate micro-environment within which the infants and mothers biology and behavior is being mutually regulated
HERE MOTHER AND BABY
FACE EACH OTHER (FEO), AS IS TYPICAL

71. inspired by cross-species, cross-cultural, developmental, historical and evolutionary studies…. a little experiment…. A little research…

72. Mother-infant Simultaneous Polysomnography
Observing and Physiologically Recording Babies And Mothers Sleeping and Breastfeeding (Together and Apart)
Lighter sleep (less stage3-4, more satge1-2)
More Diverse Sleep (greater number of stage changes)
Longer Sleep In Minutes
Breastfeeding Doubles or Triples
Increased Interactions, Vocalizations, Movements
Physiological Unpredictability For Both
Sleep Positions and Mutual Orientations Change
More transient and epochal mutual arousals or partner -induced arousals
Increased Sleep-Wake Stage Synchrony
Less crying, More Maternal Interventions
More Heart Rate and Breathing Variability
Sub-normal body Temperatures in Solitary Sleeping Infants
Shift in average duration, frequency, and distribution of obstructive and central apneas per stage of sleep
Photo :Max Aguillero-Hellwig
Discover Magazine
Mother-infant Simultaneous Polysomnography

73. 145.90

74. 2.64

75. The Research From: Sleep, Pediatrics, Archives Dis Child. , Acta
The Research From: Sleep, Pediatrics, Archives Dis Child., Acta.Pedatrica, Ear. Human Development, Jour Beh Med., Ped Resp. Reviews, Inf Child Dev.,

76. A best public health strategy regarding bedsharing
A best public health strategy regarding bedsharing..? Why not begin by asking those most effected.
OBJECTIVE: To understand parents' motivations for bed sharing with their infants aged 1-6 months, their beliefs about safety concerns, and their attitudes about bed-sharing advice.
METHODS: Researchers conducted 4 focus groups with primary caregivers of infants ages 1-6 months who regularly shared beds with their infants.
Recruited participants from an inner-city primary care center in Pittsburgh, serving primarily African American families who received medical assistance.
Chianese J, Ploof D, Trovato C, Chang JCInner-city caregivers' perspectives on bed sharing with their infantsAcad Pediatr Jan-Feb;9(1):26-32 Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. 

77. Conclusion..Consistent with predictions the emerge when human biology and not a priori ideologies are front and center.
“Parents' motivation to bed share outweighed the concerns and the warnings of others. An understanding of parents' perspectives on bed sharing should inform counseling to promote safe sleeping practices.”