1. Don’t Bet On It – Preventing Teen Gambling
Cele Fichter DeSando, MPM
Addiction Medicine Services, WPIC, UPMC

2. Today’s Training Teen Gambling: A Growing Epidemic

3. Today’s Training
Explore adolescent problem gambling progression and risk and protective factors
Define problem and pathological gambling including DSM-V stages and criteria.
Identify the prevalence and relationship of problem gambling to alcohol, tobacco and other substance use as well as psychiatric disorders.
Provide a survey review of research-based screening/interview tools and resources for treatment.
Provide research-based prevention and intervention school and student assistance program strategies to prevent and delay adolescent problem gambling.  

4. What is Gambling?
Gambling is an activity in which something of value is risked on the outcome of an event when the probability of winning and losing is less than certain. (Korn and Shaffer 1999).

5. What is Pathological (Disordered) Gambling?
Disordered gambling is classified as persistent
and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior that
disrupts personal, family, or vocational pursuits and is not better accounted for by a manic episode.
Source: American Psychiatric Association (APA),
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,
Revision IV – Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), (APA, 2000).
Previously categorized as an impulse control disorder but recently moved to addiction-related disorders in DSM-V

6. Similarities to Addictions
In DSM-V – Gambling is listed as addiction related disorder instead of old classification of impulse control disorder. The rationale for this change is that the growing body of scientific literature, especially on the brain’s reward center, has revealed commonalities between pathological gambling and substance-use disorders.
Loss of control
Preoccupation, urges, pathological “wanting”, cravings, associated “highs”
Negative impact on major areas of life
Major impacts on mood. Judgment and insight
Tolerance/ Withdrawal
Hereditary nature
Similar treatment success-12 step and cognitive behavioral therapy

7. Gambling as Pervasive Recreation Increasing Opportunities
Gambling in many different forms has long been a part of the history of the world
48 states have some form of legalized recreational gambling in the form of Bingo, Lottery, Race Track, Slots, Poker, Table Games, Sports Betting*
New Frontier -Online Gambling is widespread, yet unregulated, technically restricted and under contention in the US – Regulations change rapidly – Nevada and New Jersey recently passed legislation to allow online, while in-state, is PA next?
*Exception of Utah and Hawaii

8. Who Gambles?
85% of U.S. adults have gambled at least once in their lifetimes (60% -80% in any given year )
3-5% have a gambling disorder.
(The National Council on Problem Gambling, 2010).
The majority of the population can gamble without negative consequences

9. Betting on a Sure Thing Who has a Problem?
1% + are estimated to be pathological gamblers (PG)
2-3% are considered problem or subclinical gamblers
Disordered Gambling is a term used to describe the full range of gambling problems.

10. Upping the Ante: Teens and Gambling
2.8-8% of Adolescents and college students exhibit problem and pathological gambling (NORC,1999)
Student athletes particularly vulnerable
Affects all races – differences are found in the types of games played, belief about money, finances and self worth,
Disproportionate number of smokers, substances abusers, mentally ill and poor are problem gamblers

12. Vulnerable Populations
Adolescents
5-6% meet criteria
8-8% at risk for developing
Elderly
Harder to recoup financial losses
Military – All branches run oversees slots for recreation and to make money for social events
Casino Workers
Chicken or the egg?
Incarcerated
#1 pastime is gambling
Substance Use Disorders
6-10x risk for PG
Lower SES
Problems develop sooner

13. How much do adolescents gamble?
60-90% have gambled
Similar, internationally
Strong pop culture influences
No monitoring system
Societal, parental acceptance

14. Reasons for gambling
Win money
Social activity
Excitement
Competition
Fantasy
Family members

15. Characteristics of Low Risk Gambling
Low risk gamblers know that over time nearly everyone loses. The benefit is in the social and entertainment activity not an expectation of financial gain.
Low risk gambling has limits on frequency and duration.
Low risk gambling has predetermined, acceptable limits for losses as in the acceptable and affordable cost of an entertainment activity.
Does PA have a gambling problem?

16. Gambling Ambivalence Love the Money – Hate the Problems

17. Societal Approval and Fallacy

18. Gambling and Spending How much is too much?
2002 U.S. legal gaming revenue was $68.7 billion.
In 1999 the National Gambling Impact Study Commission estimated the annual cost to society of problem gambling was $5 billion.
It is estimated that in 1997 Americans collectively wagered more than $1/2 trillion (National Research Council, 1999)
Consumers spend more on legal gaming in the U.S. than most other forms of entertainment combined (1998 Gross Annual Wager Report, 1999)
Sports betting -38 billion legally wagered-380 billion illegal

19. “Gambling Nation” $600 billion wagered annually
Revenue Comparisons (2005)
Gambling (Legal) $83 Billion per year
DVDs: $22 Billion per year
Cigarettes: $19 Billion per year
NIH Annual Budget: $30 Billion per year
(American Gaming Association, CDC, Hollywood Reporter)

20. Pennsylvania Monthly Casino Gambling – Table games
April 2014 Tables
April 2014 Gross Revenue
April 2013 Tables
April 2013 Gross Revenue
Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem
200
$15,028,894
183
$13,932,560
Parx Casino
164
$10,061,363
$10,153,193
SugarHouse Casino 62
$7,901,261 58
$7,316,611
Rivers Casino
113
$6,252,232
114
$4,992,447
Harrah's Philadelphia Casino and Racetrack
126
$6,154,439
121
$6,665,016
Mount Airy Casino Resort 80
$4,033,101 72
$3,135,321
Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs 87
$3,684,368 84
$3,513,736
Valley Forge Casino Resort 50
$3,209,574
$2,790,101
Hollywood Casino at Penn National Race Course 73
$2,451,961 69
$3,423,756
The Meadows Racetrack and Casino 77
$1,914,964
$4,381,161
Presque Isle Downs and Casino 46
$1,130,264
$1,248,432
Lady Luck Casino Nemacolin (opened 7/1/13) 28
$362,370
N/A
Statewide Total
1,106
$62,184,790
1,041
$61,552,334

21. Pennsylvania Casino Gambling Slot Machines
April 2014
April 2013
% Change
Parx Casino
$30,454,522.24
$31,608,967.66
-3.65%
Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem
$23,702,187.99
$24,465,867.34
-3.12%
Rivers Casino
$23,152,882.76
$24,444,239.86
-5.28%
Harrah's Philadelphia Casino and Racetrack
$18,668,264.14
$20,618,424.07
-9.46%
Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs
$18,580,699.98
$18,600,479.48
-0.11%
The Meadows Racetrack and Casino
$18,533,750.02
$20,110,853.72
-7.84%
Hollywood Casino at Penn National Race Course
$18,297,057.66
$20,372,504.80
-10.19%
Sugarhouse Casino
$15,042,414.67
$15,467,112.79
-2.75%
Mount Airy Casino Resort
$12,120,975.73
$12,262,468.51
-1.15%
Presque Isle Downs and Casino
$10,629,226.63
$11,809,262.50
-9.99%
Valley Forge Casino Resort
$6,475,249.53
$5,395,225.16
20.02%
Lady Luck Casino Nemacolin (opened 7/1/13)
$2,103,745.41
N/A
Statewide Total
$197,760,976.76
$205,155,405.89
-3.60%

22. PA Casino Amounts Wagered – Gambler’s Fallacy
Table Games
$507,711,162
$663,854,672
$ 713,107,163
Slots
$ 5,055,282,636
$17,288,615,432
2008/09 - $22,509,815,164
2009/10 - $29, ,022
2010/ $29,759,096,846
$ 31,164,547,147
$30,819,486,036

23. Of the 23 states with casinos Name the top three states for gambling revenue
Nevada billion
Pennsylvania billion
New Jersey billion

24. Gambling Ambivalence and Distortion It’s all about the Marketing
Your chances of being murdered 1 in 18,000
Your chances of winning Mega Millions Lottery
1 in 135,145,920

25. What are the odds you’ll become a problem gambler?
Pathological gambling is hypothesized to be caused by a complex interplay involving neurobiological, genetic, psychological and social risk factors. (Shaffer et al. 2004c)
There is evidence of associations between pathological gambling and a variety of neurotransmitters (e.g. noradrenaline, serotonin, glutamate, dopamine and endorphins); (Potenza 2008).

27. The Brain and Addiction

28. Dopamine and Nicotine
Dopamine is a brain chemical involved in many different functions
including movement, motivation, reward and addiction. Altering dopamine levels alters the normal communication between neurons

29. Gambling as a Brain Disease

30. Neurobiology of PG (Neuroanatomy)
Potenza’s Imaging Studies (PG vs Normals)
Decreased activity in:
Left ventromedial PFC (Decision-making)
Orbitofrontal cortex (processing of rewards, dealing with uncertainty, inhibiting responses)
Anterior Cingulate (Decision-making)
Ventral striatum (NA, Limbic system)

31. Are brains of problem gamblers different?
Pathological Gamblers exhibit lower activity in prefrontal cortex compared to Non-PGs
In performing neuro-cognitive tests, PGs showed similar dysfunctions in prefrontal cortex as Methamphetamine addicts
So a lot of what we’ve talked about helps explain to me the reason why many addicts describe this overwhelming urge and craving to engage in the activity. But what it doesn’t explain to me, is why they continue to give in to these cravings and urges, despite so many adverse consequences? MY STEP DAD. Current research is shedding light on this.
We are learning that addicts in addition having a differently wired reward circuitry, also has less activities in a region of the brain known as the pre-frontal cortex (darker the color = less activation). POP QUIZ: what is the pre-frontal cortex responsible for? – Decision-making, judgment, executive functioning, etc.
PGs have shown pre-frontal cortex impairments similar to those of meth addicts. So what this means is that not only do addicts have powerful urges to do these things, they also don’t have the brakes to slow them down. In a healthy individual, after losing say a few hundred dollars, might say Hmmm…what are the consequences if I lose more money? In my step father, that part of the brain was hijacked. But we must remember, this doesn’t remove the PG of personal responsibility. Let me ask you a question, since the pre-frontal cortex is impaired, do you think PGs are unable to tell right from wrong? RESEARCH ON OUTCOME EXPECTANCIES: 1) PG youth more like to continue to expect positive outcomes despite negative consequences. 2) PG youth may endorse more immediate positive outcomes (fun, excitement, money, social, feel in control) than more delayed costs like emotional impact (guilt), preoccupation, loss of control, etc. / positive outcomes may outweigh potential negative
We shouldn’t confuse this with an inability to know right from wrong. Research actually shows that what differentiate PGs from say social or at-risk gamblers is that they are more likely to anticipate both positive and negative expectations of gambling. Meaning, not only were they more likely to anticipate that they are going to have fun, they’ll socialized, and win money, they are also more likely to anticipate negative consequences – like getting preoccupied, or the emotional impacts like feeling guilty. The theory is that while PGs recognize that there are negative consequences, the key here is the temporal relationship. The more “immediate” positive outcomes tend to exert a greater influence, whereas the long term impacts are delayed costs.
What are some behavorial characteristics of people who have dysfunctions in the pre-frontal cortex?
moodiness, negativity, irritability, low energy, headaches, sleep and appetite problems and poor concentration
- loss of self-directed/willed behavior in favor of automatic sensory-driven behavior (loss of inhibitory controls)
Potenza et al., 2003 31

32. This Is Your Brain on Gambling
fMRI of subject anticipating a monetary win in simulated game
fMRI of subject anticipating a small amount of cocaine
Breiter et al. 2001
Participants (12, male) participated in a simulated gambling game (Roulette). They were given $50 endowment and they were told they could retain, lose, or gain money as they go along. It was found that during the “Prospect” phase when participants are anticipating to win money – the NAc is activated, in the same way that those anticipating to receive a small amount of cocaine is activated. If you recall, NAc is part of the dopaminergic pathway in our brain that processes rewards. What this means is that winning money in our culture is SO powerful and so rewarding that in some instances it can be as powerful as drugs like Cocaine, Meth, etc.
Breiter et al., 2001 32

33. Differences from Addictions
No toxicology test to diagnosis it; easier to hide
Behaviors are not due to drug effects (thus, makes it more open to shame/guilt)
Directly associated with financial gains and losses – accolades and blame for same behavior
Greater uncertainty of outcome (i.e. anything can happen)
Ego related symptoms- gambling can boost ego or cause discord with self image
More Socially acceptable

34. Similarities / Difference
Immediate gratification
Addictive: preoccupation, inability to stop, tolerance & withdrawal, progressive
Cravings & urges
Denial is common
Accompanying depression / anxiety
Blackouts / brownouts
Disassociation
Mechanism for escape
Dysfunctions in the family often present
Gambling more hidden
Impossible to overdose on gambling
No ingestion of chemicals
Labile financial situation
More unpredictable outcome
Generally not perceived as a disease
Fewer resources for gamblers
Faster progression 34

35. DSM-V Workgroup on Gambling Disorder
Gambling Disorder can be episodic or chronic, and the course of the disorder can vary by type of gambling as well as life circumstances (Hodgins and el Guebaly, 2004; Slutske, 2006). For example, an individual who wagers problematically only on football games may have Gambling Disorder during football season and not wager at all, or not wager problematically, throughout the remainder of the year. Gambling Disorder may also occur at one or more points in an individual’s life but be absent during other periods. Alternately, some individuals experience chronic Gambling Disorder throughout all or most of their lives.

36. DSM-V Criteria
A.     Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior as indicated by four (or more) of the following in a 12-month period:
           1.needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement
           2. is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling
           3. has repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling
           4. is often preoccupied with gambling (e.g., persistent thoughts of reliving past gambling experiences, handicapping or planning the next venture, or thinking of ways to get money with which to gamble)
          

37. DSM-V Criteria
5.   gambles often when feeling distressed (e.g., helpless, guilty, anxious, depressed)
 6. after losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even (“chasing” one’s losses)
 7.  lies to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling
8.  has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling
 9.  relies on others to provide money to relieve desperate financial situations caused by gambling
B.     The gambling behavior is not better accounted for by a Manic Episode.

38. What are problem gamblers looking for?
With all of the negative consequences why continue to gamble?
Action – Looking for excitement “rush”
Escape – Looking for relief from painful emotions or stress Lesieur and Rosenthal (1991).

39. Many adolescents think they can become professional

40. Action Gamblers Gambles for excitement , competition
More likely to engage in “skilled” forms of gaming. (sports betting, poker, etc).
More likely to have early onset of gambling
Longer progression from regular to out of control (addicted) gambling
More likely to be male
More likely to present narcissistic or antisocial traits

41. Bragging Denial Fallacy of Skill

42. Allure Appeals to Action and Escape Gamblers

43. Escape Gamblers
Gambles for relief, escape from stress or negative affect
More likely to engage in passive, luck forms of gambling (Lottery, slots, bingo)
Shorter progression from regular gambling to out of control behavior
More likely to be female
More likely to be have experienced chronic depresssion

44. Escape - Gambling looks like fun – and it is!

45. Problem Gambling Progression: When it stops being fun
Winning Phase- gamblers experience a big win or series of wins resulting in unreasonable optimism or belief in their ability to win.
Losing Phase-gamblers begin bragging and thinking about past wins, secretly gambling and begin to chase their losses.
Desperation Phase- gambling increases in time, frequency and amount. Remorse, alienation and problems increase.
Hopeless Phase – Gambler no longer believes there is help or hope. Lesieur and Custer (1984).

46. Upping the ante: What’s the Problem with Problem Gambling?
Several studies have documented the relationship between problem gambling and specific health issues.
Mental Health – Gamblers are at increased risk for major depression, anti-social personality disorder, phobias and other mental conditions. Problem gamblers were also identified as being at increased risk for alcohol, nicotine, and other drug abuse. Potenza, (2008).

47. Double or Nothing
Individuals with mental and/or substance use disorders are 17 times more likely to develop pathological gambling
Pathological Gamblers are 5.5 more likely to have to have had a substance use disorder (Kessler et al. 2008)
75% of pathological gamblers have had an alcohol disorder; 38% have had a drug use disorder; 60% have had nicotine dependency (Petry et al. 2005).
Recreational Gamblers smoke at same rate as general population, 60-80% of pathological gamblers smoke.

48. The Hidden Vigorish Genetic and Familial Factors
Research consistently shows higher rates of pathological gambling in teens whose parents gamble too much (Gupta & Derevensky, 1997; Jacobs, 2000; Wallisch & Liu, 1996)
Children of problem gamblers have been shown to have higher levels of use for tobacco, alcohol, drug use, and overeating than do their classroom peers (Gupta & Derevensky, 1997)

49. The Hidden Vigorish Co-occurring disorders
In treatment-seeking pathological gamblers, 32-76% of patients evidenced other mental health problems, with anxiety, depression, and suicide being most common.
Problem gamblers are 4 times more likely to have major depression than non-problem gamblers
Suicide attempt rates are 17% -24% for problem gamblers (US DHHS,SAMSHA, 2005)

50. The Hidden Vigorish
Gambling problems may be major impediments to recovery and contributors to relapse in mental health and substance abuse disorders.

51. Beating the System- Hedge Your Bets
Mental Health, Substance Abuse and Primary Care Professionals and school professionals can help identify, intervene, and refer/treat problem gamblers.
Treatment and intervention can be incorporated into existing substance abuse and mental health programs.

52. What are the Odds? Risk Factors Marotta and Hynes (2003)
Early onset of gambling experiences/early win
Biochemical factors associated with increased physiological resting state, increased sensation seeking, increased arousal during gambling.
Depression
Poor Coping Skills
Substance Use/Abuse

53. Risk Factors for Gambling Problems
Accessibility/Awareness*
Lack of community awareness of dangers
Social Acceptance
Family History of Addiction and/or illegal activity
Competitive Home Environment
Family History of gambling activity and attitudes.
Poor Impulse Control
*There is much discussion as to the extent of accessibility leading to risk and there are theories related to exposure and adaptation (Shaffer and Martin) 2010.

54. Teen Gambling by Derevensky

55. Risk Factors for Adolescents
Despite not being of legal age to gamble on regulated forms of gambling, adolescents are at risk for developing gambling problems (Derevensky & Gupta, 2004; Dickson, Derevensky & Gupta, 2004; Jacobs, 2004; National Research Council, 1999; Shaffer & Hall, 1996; Shaffer, Hall & Vander Bilt, 1999).
Early research suggests adolescents perceive their parents to generally approve of their gambling, are not concerned about getting caught gambling, and report that gambling with family members is a fairly common occurrence (Gupta & Derevensky, 1997; Ladouceur & Mireault, 1988; Moore & Ohtsuka, 1997). 55

56. Our current state of knowledge concerning youth gambling problems….
Gambling is more popular amongst males than females (Derevensky, Gupta & Della Cioppa, 1996; Fisher, 1990; Govoni, Rupcich, & Frisch, 1996; Griffiths, 1989; Gupta & Derevensky, 1998a; Jacobs, 2000; Ladouceur et al., 1994; NORC, 1999; NRC, 1999; Stinchfield, Cassuto, Winters, & Latimer, 1997; Volberg, 1994, 1996, 1998; Wynne et al., 1996)
Probable pathological gamblers are greater risk-takers (Arnett; 1994; Breen & Zuckerman, 1996; Derevensky & Gupta, 1996; Nower, Derevensky & Gupta, 2000; Powell, Hardoon, Derevensky, & Gupta 1999; Zuckerman, 1979, 1994; Zuckerman, Eysenck, & Eysenck, 1978)
Adolescent prevalence rates of problem gamblers are 2-4 times that of adults (Gupta & Derevensky, 1998a; Jacobs, 2000; Shaffer & Hall, 1996)

57. Teen Gambling

58. Adolescent pathological gamblers have lower self esteem compared with other adolescents (Gupta & Derevensky, 1998b)
Adolescent problem gamblers have higher rates of depression (Gupta & Derevensky, 1998a,1998b; Marget, Gupta & Derevensky, 1999; Nower, Derevensky & Gupta, 2000)
Adolescent problem gamblers dissociate more frequently when gambling (Gupta & Derevensky, 1998b; Jacobs, Marsten & Singer, 1985)
Adolescents with gambling problems, ages 14-17, are at heightened risk for suicide ideation and suicide attempts (Gupta & Derevensky, 1998a)

59. While adolescents with gambling problems report having a support group, old friends are often replaced by gambling associates (Derevensky, 1999; Gupta, 1999; Gupta & Derevensky, 2000)
Adolescent problem gamblers remain at increased risk for the development of an addiction or polyaddictions (Gupta & Derevensky,1998a,1998b; Kusyszyn, 1972; Lesieur & Klein, 1987; Nower, Derevensky & Gupta, 2000; Winters & Anderson, 2000)
Adolescent problem gamblers score higher on excitability, extroversion, and anxiety & lower on conformity and self-discipline (Gupta & Derevensky, 1997b,1998a; Vitaro, Ferland, Jacques & Ladouceur, 1998)

61. Pathological gamblers and youth in general report early gambling in the home and with family members (Derevensky & Gupta, 1997; Gupta & Derevensky, 1997a, 1997b)
Problem and pathological gambling has been shown to result in increased delinquency and crime, disruption of familial relationships and decreased academic performance (Gupta & Derevensky, 1998a; Ladouceur & Mireault, 1988; Lesieur & Klein, 1987; Wynne et al., 1996)

62. Pathological gamblers report greater major and minor life stressors (Gupta & Derevensky, 2002; Kaufman, Gupta & Derevensky, 2002)
Problem and pathological gambling has been shown to have greater levels of trait and state anxiety (Ste-Marie, Gupta & Derevensky, 2002)

63. Using schools as a basis for prevention through promotion of social/personal competence (Haggerty, Sherrod, Garmezy, & Rutter, 1994)
at-risk vs. general population
target appropriate age groups with developmentally appropriate interventions
focus not merely on gambling but on social skills, coping abilities, & problem solving skills

64. Profile of the Adolescent Problem Gambler (Derevensky, 2010)
Predominantly Male
Significant anxiety
Familial problems
Poor peer relationships
Preoccupation with gambling – repeated attempts to stop
Different forms of gambling sports betting, online, cards, dice
Serious financial difficulties
Failure in school/work
Lying to family friends

65. Profile cont.
Friends usually have similar gambling problems
Stealing from family, friends, stores etc
Depression or feeling dead inside
Gambling to escape and feel better
General lack of coping abilities
Confused and conflicted about whether to stop or cut down
Need for arousal or strong sensations (possible ADHD)

66. What gambling activities do teens do?
Card Playing for money
Betting on activities for money
Sports betting, sports pools
Online gambling – Internet for $ and Internet no $
Lottery/Scratch off tickets

68. Internet Gambling Risks
4 A’s
Anyone (Anonymity)
Any Age (No ability to check age – sites prompt underage users)
Anytime ( Accessibility 24/7)
Anywhere (Availability – Work, Home, Online, Mobile)

69. Internet problems – more research needed

70. Escape Allure

71. Action – Learn the Skill

72. Buddy Bet – Betting on Anything

73. Social media
What is BuddyBet?
BuddyBet is a social betting site -- one that lets you match wits with living, breathing, communicating people rather than geeky gambling experts and their supercomputers. In short, people bet against each other on BuddyBet rather than against the website itself. You set your own odds and choose your own Betting for BuddyBucks
If you'd rather not bet for cash or for actions/forfeits, you can bet for fun (and pride) using BuddyBucks, BuddyBet's virtual currency.

75. Acceptance and Availability

78. Online Gaming

79. Online Gambling is PA Next?

80. Online gaming is PA next?

81. Don’t Bet on It
Substance Abuse Counselors and Student Assistance Professionals are very well poised to offer identification and help with gambling problems based on understanding of addictions and the link between the disorders.
However:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health counselors cannot assume knowledge of gambling and must learn the similarities/ differences, language and specifics of gambling , specific screening and treatment tools and resources for help.

82. Using schools as a basis for prevention through promotion of social/personal competence (Haggerty, Sherrod, Garmezy, & Rutter, 1994)
at-risk vs. general population
target appropriate age groups with developmentally appropriate interventions
focus not merely on gambling but on social skills, coping abilities, & problem solving skills

83. Gambling Prevention Prevention through risk-reduction
individual
family
peer and social contexts
community context
Risk-reduction by enhancing protective factors
attributes of the individual
family support
environmental support
Using schools as a basis for prevention through promotion of social/personal competence (Haggerty, Sherrod, Garmezy, & Rutter, 1994

84. Responsible prevention efforts include...
Incorporating knowledge acquired from scientific research
Taking a wide-angled approach (multi-faceted)
Adjusting the material to the developmental level of the recipient
Testing for program effectiveness PRIOR to widespread implementation
Conducting focus groups with teachers and children for input on program development and to evaluate teacher willingness to implement the prevention format

85. A Winning Program
Use evidenced based prevention,assessment and treatments and existing supports such as gamblers anonymous
Include gambling screen/questions in student assistance and mental health and substance abuse assessments
Include a comprehensive risk assessment (suicide/harm to others)
Offer multi-model approach to include, legal financial and family issues
Keep updated on gambling research

86. References
Am. Psychiatr. Assoc Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Assoc.
Am. Psychiatr. Assoc Pathological Gambling. In Proposed Draft Revisions to DSM Disorders and Criteria, Arlington. VA: Am Psychiatr. Assoc.
1998 Gross Annual Wager Report. International Gaming and Business Wagering (IGBW) Trade Magazine. (1999, August). Retrieved 2/21/02, from
Gupta, R., & Derevensky, J.L. (1997). Familial and social influences on juvenile gambling behavior. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13(3),
Kessler RC, Hwang I, LaBrie RA, Petukhova M, Sampson N, et al DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol. Med. 38:

87. References (cont.)
Korn, DA, Shaffer HJ Gambling and the health of the public: adopting a public health perspective. J.Gambl, Stud. 15:
Lesieur HR, Coster RL Pathological Gambling: Roots, Phases and Treatment. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 474:
Lesieur HR, Rosenthal RJ Pathological gambling: a review of the literature (prepared for the American Psychiatric Association Task Force on DSM-IV Committee on Disorders of Impulse Control Not Elsewhere Classified). J. Gambl. Stud. 7:5-39
Natl. Counc. Problem Gambl What is problem gambling?
National Opinion Research Center (NORC). (1999). Gambling Impact and Behavior Study, Report to the National Gambling Impact Study Commission [Electronic Version]. Chicago, IL: Author.

88. References (cont.)
National Problem Gambling Awareness Week Problem Gambling Information: Facts and Figures.
National Research Council (NRC). (1999). Pathological Gambling: A Critical Review. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Petry NM, Stinson FS, Grant BF Comorbidity of DSM-14 pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J. Clin. Psychiatry 66:564-74
Potenza M The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: an overview and new findings. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. 363:

89. References (cont.)
Shaffer HJ, LaPlante DA, LaBrie RA, Kidman R, Donato A, Stanton M. 2004c. Toward a syndrome model of addiction: multiple expressions, common etiology. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 12:367-74
Shaffer HJ, Martin R Disorders & Gambling: Etiology, Trajectory and Clinical Consideration. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2011
Thompson, W., Gazel, R., Rickman, D. (1996). The social cost of gambling in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Policy Research Institute Report, 9, 144.

90. References (cont.)
Unwin, B.K., Davis, M.K., & Leeuw, J.B. (2000). Pathological gambling. American Family Physician, February 2000, 61,
US Dept of Health & Human Services, SAMHSA, Substance Abuse Treatment for Co-Occurring Disorders Publication No ,2005
Wallisch, L., & Liu, L. (1996). Drug use and gambling behavior among adults and youths in Texas: Survey findings. In: Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse. Volume II:

91. Web Resources for A Winning Program