1. Mood and Anxiety disorders in Children and Adolescents
How can they be recognized and
What can be done?
Mood and Anxiety disorders in Children and Adolescents

2. Introduction:
Mental Health problems are very common in children and adolescents. Studies suggest that 1:10 children may suffer from serious mental issues.
Many psychiatric disorders have their onset in childhood, especially in adolescent years.
Many psychiatric disorders are more common or as common in boys and girls during childhood. Around puberty the rates of anxiety and depression sharply increase in females.

3. Some signs of trouble:
Sadness, agitation, restlessness, anger, severe mood changes , especially when they persist.
Weight loss or gain
Fatigue and loss of energy
Sleep problems
Withdrawal and loss of interest
Drop in grades and academic performance
Legal problems

4. Anxiety Disorders:
One of the most common psychopathology in children. They are often undetected and untreated.
They include disorders such as Separation Anxiety Disorder, Simple phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. We will focus on GAD, Social phobia and Panic Disorder.

5. Anxiety Disorders:
It is important to differentiate between normal fears, worries, and shyness and pathological anxiety. It is also important to have an understanding of normal developmental anxiety. For example older children and teens are often worried about social competence, health matters and school performance.
Consider Anxiety Disorder if symptoms do not subside, especially when they interfere with functioning and development.

6. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
GAD is characterized by chronic and excessive worries about multiple areas such as school, home, future, health, natural disasters.
Worries are accompanied by somatic complaints.
As those symptoms are internal, parents and teachers are often not aware of the magnitude.

7. Social Anxiety Disorder
Patients with Social phobia show severe discomfort in one or more social setting.
They are very self-conscious and are very afraid of being scrutinized and judged.
They may have a lot of avoidance. They may be afraid to answer questions, start conversations, eat in front of others, answer the phone, accept peer invitations…
Social anxiety often peaks in teenage years

8. Panic Disorder
They are characterized by sudden recurrent panic attacks. Some symptoms include feeling very anxious, pounding heart, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, chest pain, tingling, feelings of unreality, fear of loss of control…
Patients who have panic attacks often are afraid of having another attack and may avoid situations or setting where the attacks have occurred.

9. Prevalence Rates
It is not clear how common anxiety disorders are in children and adolescents. The estimates vary from 6 to 20% of children have at least one anxiety disorder.
Panic Disorder usually emerges late in the teen years.
Social Anxiety peaks in the teen years.
Several anxiety disorders are more common in girls especially after puberty

10. Prevalence Rates
Children who suffer from anxiety disorder appear to be 2 to 3 times more likely to develop another anxiety disorder or depression later on in life.

11. Risk Factors
Biological risk factors include genetics and temperaments.
Children who are very behaviorally inhibited in childhood are at higher risk of developing anxiety in middle childhood and social anxiety in adolescence.
Parent’s anxiety, through genetics and modeling

12. What to do ? Talk to your PCP or possibly appropriate school staff
PCP will make sure there are no underlying medical condition or medication side effects that may be presenting as anxiety. Some examples may include thyroid problems, drug use including excess caffeine…
If after screening it is felt that an anxiety disorder is likely then consider referral to a mental health specialist

13. Treatment
Cognitive Behavioral therapy (with exposure component) can be extremely useful for most anxiety disorders.
If the anxiety is very severe consider addition of a medication, in particular an SSRI type medication such as Prozac, Zoloft, Celexa or Lexapro.

14. Depressive Disorders
There are 2 major forms of depression: Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymic Disorder.
Other forms include Seasonal Affective Disorder, Depression, NOS and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
The risk of depression in girls increases 2 to 4 folds after puberty.
A lot of adolescents may also have subclinical depression.

15. Major Depressive Disorder
At least 2 weeks of persistent depressed/irritable mood and loss of interest. At the same time other symptoms have to be present such as appetite and sleep changes, decreased energy and motivation, increased guilt feelings, decreased concentration and suicide thoughts.
Irritability, anger, tantrums, and physical symptoms can be more common in children and adolescents.

16. Major Depressive Disorder
It is believed that around 2% of children (1:1 male to female) and 4-8% of adolescents (2:1 female to male)
Recurrence of Major Depression is around 70%
60% of children who suffer from MDD experience suicidal thoughts and a lot of them have suicide attempts.

17. Major Depressive Disorder
The presence of disruptive disorders, a history of abuse and substance abuse, family history of suicide and availability of weapons increase the likelihood of suicide.

18. Dysthymic Disorder
Less intense but more chronic symptoms of depression
In children symptoms have been present for at least one year.
Impairment at times can be more severe then in MDD
Rates are 0.6% -1.7% in children and 1.6-8% in adolescents

19. Risk Factors
Interaction of genetics and environmental factors are thought to be important
High family loading of depression, loss, abuse and neglect…
Other Co morbid condition can predispose to depression such as Anxiety Disorders, ADHD, Substance Abuse, Medical illness such as diabetes…

20. What to do? Screening by PCP and or school psychologist for example
PCP will exclude medical conditions that may present with depression
Refer when appropriate to mental health provider
Keep in mind importance of rapport and confidentiality

21. Treatment:
In mild cases of depression there is some evidence that supportive therapy can be helpful.
In more moderate to severe cases consider two particular therapies: Cognitive behavioral therapy and Interpersonal therapy.
In severe cases or when there is no response to therapy consider medication treatment.

22. Treatment:
SSRIs have been shown to be effective. Currently Prozac is the only FDA medication indicated for depression on children.
Monitor for emergence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
Monitor for emergence of manic symptoms.
20% to 30% of children who present with an episode of depression will end up developing Bipolar Disorder.

23. Prevention: Treatment of maternal (and paternal) depression.
Treatment of anxiety disorder that often precedes depression
Improve life style by adding exercise, involvement in social activities, hobbies, good diet…

24. Bipolar Disorder:
There is considerable debate still on how to best define Bipolar Disorder in children and adolescents. There is consensus however that Bipolar Disorder can first present in childhood.
Children who have mood lability, reckless behaviors and aggression are often labeled Bipolar. This is still controversial.
You will hear terms such as Ultra rapid cycling and Ultradian cycling used to refer to Bipolar in children.

25. Bipolar Disorder:
The different types of Bipolar Disorder include Bipolar I, Bipolar II and Bipolar, NOS.
To be diagnosed with Bipolar I a patient must have history of a manic episode that lasts 7 or more days unless hospitalized. Manic symptoms include euphoria (or extreme irritability), decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, hypersexualty, increased activity level, racing thoughts…

26. Bipolar Disorder:
When asking questions keep in mind the child’s developmental level.
Patient who have Bipolar I can be in a manic, depressive, hypomanic, or mixed episode.
Patients who have Bipolar II have episodes of major depression and hypomanic episodes. Hypomanic episodes are less severe then manic episodes and last at least 4 days.

27. Bipolar Disorder
Rapid cycling means having 4 or more mood episodes a year.
Mixed episodes are when depressive and manic symptoms occur together.
In children and adolescents the illness is more chronic (less episodic) and usually harder to treat.

28. Prevalence
Bipolar I rates in adults are from %. Bipolar I and II in adults are around 2.6%. The rate increases to around 6% if subthreshold cases are included.
Recent surveys of adults show that for many symptoms have started in childhood or adolescence.
Around 1% of youths may have Bipolar Disorder

29. Risk Factors
The risk of Bipolar Disorder increase 4-6 folds if a first degree relative suffers from Bipolar. In cases of prepubertal onset the genetic loading is even more significant. In those patients it is often very common to have maternal and paternal first degree relatives with severe mood disorder.
Most children who have Bipolar have had disruptive behaviors and hyperactivity. The majority of ADHD patients do not have Bipolar.

30. Risk Factors:
Children with depression, especially psychotic depression have a higher risk of developing Bipolar.

31. What to do? Screening through a PCP, school psychologist
PCP to make sure there are no underlying medical conditions.
Referral to a mental health provider

32. Treatment:
Medication treatment is usually essential if the diagnosis is confirmed.
Options include Lithium, Atypical antipsychotic medications such as Abilify, Seroquel, Risperdal and Geodon and Zyprexa, Anticonvulsants such as Lamictal, Tegretol and Depakote. Different types of monitoring and blood work for different medications.
Psychoeducation and Relapse prevention are important.

33. Advice for Parenting Provide a safe and loving environment.
Develop a relationship of mutual trust, honesty and respect.
From early on develop a relation that invites your child to talk to you. OPEN COMMUNICATION is vital. Do not hesitate to talk and ask questions. Always makes sure your child knows you are available and willing to listen

34. Advice
Positive feedback is always more helpful than negative feedback.
Allow age appropriate independence and assertiveness.

35. Resources Primary care physician School
Nationwidechildrens.org (behavioral health link)
Aacap.org (especially family facts)
Nami.org

36. Resources Nih.gov Netcare or local ED if safety concern.
Insurance company
Suicide hotline ( )
Clinicaltrials.gov