1. Chapter 18---Psychological Disorders

2. What are Psychological disorders?
Behaviors patterns or mental process that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person’s ability to cope with everyday life.
1/3 of all adults have experienced some type of psychological disorder.

3. Identifying and symptoms

4. What is normal? What is average for most people?
Laughing/ too much at nothing.

5. Problems with defining psych disorders
The behavior of the majority is not always wise or healthy
Some Atypical behaviors are eccentric (artistic geniuses) rather than indicative of a disorder
People with psych disorders usually do not differ much from “normal” people

6. Symptoms
Typically
what is most common
not a good guide

7. MaladaptivE
impairs an individual’s ability to function in everyday life.
hazardous to oneself or others
alcohol and drug use

8. Emotional discomfort anxiety and depression
feelings of hopelessness, extreme sadness, worthlessness,
Guilt, thought of suicide
severe emotional discomfort

9. Socially unacceptable behavior
violates society’s accepted norms
cultural differences a problem

10. Classifying psychological disorders
Change with each edition of the DSM or diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
The 3rd DSM edition in 1980 psychological disorders have been categorized on the basis of observable signs and symptoms rather than presumed causes.

11. Answer these questions
Identify three problems with defining normal behaviors as the behavior displayed by the majority of people.
How have the criteria for the classisification of psychological disorders been arranged since 1980’s?
Give an example of a feeling or a behavior that would be considered normal in one circumstance but a sign of psychological disorder in a different circumstance.

12. Chapter 18 section 2
Anxiety Disorders

13. Anxiety disorders
A state of dread or uneasiness in response to a vague/ imagined danger

14. Characterized by Persistent, excessive, irrational fear, nervousness,
concern for lost of control,
inability to relax

15. Physical signs- trembling, sweating, rapid heart rate,
shortness of breath,
increase blood pressure,
flushed face,
feeling of faintness/ light head

16. Phobic disorders (most common)
Persistent, excessive, irrational fear, of a object or situation
Most common Types
zoophobia—fear of animals
claustrophobia—enclosed spaces
acrophobia---heights
arachnophobia---spiders

17. Social phobia- fear of social situations
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia (50-80% of phobic individuals)
Panic attack (recurring and unexpected)
a short period of intense fear (1 min – few hours)
shortness of breath, dizziness, rapid hart rate, sweating, choking, nausea, trembling, shaking,
going to die for no apparent reason

18. Generalized anxiety disorder Agoraphobia (common among adults)
fear of being in places/ situations in which Impossible to escape
have panic attack by avoiding behaviors
excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances that lasts for at least 6 months
common anxiety
disorder
typically focus on finances, work, interpersonal problems,
accidents or illness
Generalized anxiety disorder
Agoraphobia (common among adults)

19. Obsessive- Compulsive disorder (OCD)
Obsessions -- unwanted thoughts ideas or mental images.
Compulsions---- repetitive ritual behaviors
cleaner, checkers, washers, Hoarders, repeaters, orderers.
Obsessive- Compulsive disorder (OCD)

20. Post-traumatic stress disorder---caused by a traumatic experience.
flash back, nightmares, numbness of
feelings, avoidance increased tension
causes- rape, severe child abuse, assault, serve accident, airplane crash, natural
disasters, war experiences

21. Psychological view Psychoanalytic view
Anxiety is the result of forbidden childhood urges that have been repressed.
When surfaced may become obsessions and compulsive behaviors

22. Learning view Cognitive
Phobias are conditioned or learned in childhood
May occur from traumatic events
People make themselves feel anxious by responding negatively to most situations
Feel helpless to control what happens to them

23. Biological views Interaction factors-
Heredity plays a role in most psychological disorders
Interaction factors-
both bio and psych together

24. Section 2 review How does anxiety differ from fear?
Describe the relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia.
Explain why studies of twins are important for determining whether a disorder has a biological basis.

25. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Chapter 18 section 3
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

26. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
REFERS TO THE SEPARATION OF CERTAIN PERSONILITY COMPPONENTS OR MENTAL PROCESSES FORM CONSCIOUS THOUGHT.
MAY LOSE THEIR MEMORY OF A PARTICULAR EVENT OR FORGET THEIR IDENTITY
OCCURS WHEN FACED WITH URGES OR EXPERIENCES THAT VERY STRESSFUL

27. 3 TYPES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

28. 1. Dissociative amnesia
Characterized by sudden lost of memory following a stressful or traumatic event
Typically can’t remember any events that occurred for a certain period of time surrounding the traumatic event
May forget all prior experiences, personal information, own name, family and friends
May last a few hours or years
No biologically explanation.

29. 2. Dissociative Fugue
Characterized by forgetting personal information and past events
Taking on a new identity relocating from home and new career
Usually follows a traumatic event
When fugue ends will not remember anything during the fugue state

30. 3.Dissociative Identity Disorder
Formerly called multiple personality disorder
Existence of 2 or more personalities
Personalities may or may not be aware of each other
Personality: different (age, sex, health)
Typically have suffered severe physical, sexual, and/or psychological abuse.

31. Depersonalization Disorders
Feeling of detachment from one’s mental processes or body.
Feeling outside of your body/ observing yourself
Common with other disorders
Stressful event

32. Explaining Dissociative Disorders

33. Psychological view Dissociate in order to prepress unacceptable urges
Dissociative amnesia or fugue – forgets the disturbing urges
Dissociative identity –develops- new personalities to take responsibility
Depersonalization-goes outside of self away from the turmoil within

34. Learning View
Have learned not to think about disturbing events in order to avoid shame, guilt, and pain
Dissociate themselves from stressful event
Reinforced by reduces anxiety when trauma is forgotten

35. Cognitive / biological view
No complete explanation as of yet
At present there is no convincing evidence that either biological or genetic factors play a role

36. Section 3 questions
1.Describe the four dissociative disorders. 2. In some cultures people are encouraged to go into trance like states. Should this type of dissociation be considered a sign of a psychological disorder? Why or why not?

37. Chapter 18 section 4
Somatoform Disorders

38. Somatoform Disorders
Expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms
Psychological problem along with physical (paralysis)

39. Malingering
The conscious attempt to FAKE an illness in order to avoid work, school, or other responsibilities
People with somatoform disorders do not fake their illness.
Honestly feel pain and paralysis

40. 6 Types of Somatoform Disorders
2 most common
Conversion disorder and Hypochondria

41. Conversion Disorder
Experience change in or loss of physical functioning in a major part of the body
No known medical explanation
Patient show little or no concern about their symptoms.

42. hypochondria
Person’s unrealistic preoccupation with thoughts of illness or disease.
Maintains their erroneous belief despite medical doctor

43. Explaining Somatoform Disorders
Psychological view
Primarily psychological
Repressing emotions associated with forbidden urges/ expressed in physical symptoms
Compromise unconscious need to express feelings and fear of expressing them

44. Biological view
Indications that biological and genetic factors involved.

45. Section 4
Define malingering. How does somatization differ from malingering?
How do conversion disorder and hypochondriasis differ?
How do you think learning theorists might explain somatoform disorders? Do you agree with this type of explanation? Why or Why not?

46. Section 5 Mood Disorders

47. Normal ups and downs Everyone experience life's ups/downs
Some people experience mood changes that seem inappropriate for or inconsistent with the situation to which they are responding.
Life is good= sadness
Elated for no apparent reason
Abnormal moods like these, you may have a mood disorder.

48. 2 general categories Depression Bipolar disorder
Feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, and great sadness
Bipolar disorder
Cycles of mood changes
Depression----wild elation

49. 7 types of mood disorders
divided into
Depressive
and
bipolar disorders

50. Major Depression-most common
Must experience at least 5 of the following 9 symptoms for 2 wks/every day
Depressed mood for most of the day
Loss of interest pleasure in all things
Weight loss/ gain
Sleep more / less
Change in physical and emotional reactions
Fatigue/ loss of energy
Feeling worthless/ guilty
Inability to concentrate/ make decisions
Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

51. severely depressed Consumed by feelings of worthlessness of guilt
Calls for immediate treatment
15% or more eventually commit suicide.

52. Bipolar disorder/ or manic depression
Dramatic ups and downs in mood
Period of mania or extreme excitement
Hyperactivity and chaotic behavior
change to Depression very quickly no apparent reason
Traits
Inflated self-esteem
Inability to sit still
Pressure to keep talking and switching from topic to topic
Racing thoughts
Difficulty concentrating

53. Manic phase- very disruptive
Highly excited
Act silly
Argumentative
Delusions about their superior abilities
Others jealous of them
Hallucination hearing imaginary voices
Seeing things that are not there
Impulsive behaviors
Quitting their jobs to pursue wild dreams
Spending sprees
Foolish business investments

54. Explaining Mood Disorders
Psychological View
Internalizes anger- directs to themselves
Biological view
Has a genetic basis( chemical imbalance)
25 % have family members who have moods disorders
Learning View
Learned helplessness
Cognitive View
Habitual style of explaining life events based on prior experiences

55. Section 5
What is the difference between depression and bipolar disorder?
List five symptoms of major depression.
Describe and explain self-esteem, self- efficacy and expectancy from the perspective of attribution theory.

56. Section 6 Schizophrenia

57. Schizophrenia Considered the most serious
Typically Appears in young adulthood
May occur suddenly
Characterized by
- loss of contact with reality
Linked to geneitcs
No cure
There is effective treatment

58. symptoms Hallucinations Delusions Thought disorders Auditory (voices)
delusions of grandeur (superior to others)
Persecution (paranoid)
Speech( disorganized confused)
Social withdraw
Loss of social skills
Loss of normal emotional responsiveness

59. Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid
Delusion of auditory hallucinations/ single theme
Grandeur-Jealousy- persecution-CIA after them
Disorganized
Incoherent in their thought/ speech/delusions/ hallucinations/emotionless/ inappropriate emotions
Catatonic
Disturbance of movement/ slow/ stupor switching to agitation/ holds body positions

60. Explaining schizophrenia
Psychological View
Overwhelming of the Ego by urges from the ID
Conflict fantasies confused with reality
Biological View
A brains disorder/ frontal lobe
Bio risks- heredity complications during pregnancy and birth

61. Multi-factorial model of schizophrenia
Biological and psychological factors interact
Genetics create a vulnerability + trauma could = schizophrenia
Once developed family environment can negatively affect the disorder
Environmental factors alone does not lead to schizophrenia.

62. Section 6 List four symptoms of schizophrenia.
How does paranoid schizophrenia differ from disorganized schizophrenia?
Explain why a multi-factorial model of schizophrenia may help in explaining the disorder?

63. Section 7 personality disorders

64. Personality disorders
Patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt social life and work/ distress the person
Late in adolescence/ affect thought process, emotions and behavior
Are enduring traits that are major components of the individual’s personality
1-10% of the population (Antisocial personality disorder)

65. Types of personality disorders 10 types---4 discussed
Paranoid personality disorder
Distrustful-suspicious of others
Difficult- argumentative, cold, aloof, view of reality is distorted (isolated life)
Schizoid personality disorder
No interest in relationship with people
Lack normal emotional responsiveness
No relationships-loners, few friends
Do not have delusion or hallucinations

66. Antisocial personality disorder
Persistent behavior pattern of disregard/ violation of the right of other people
Do not feel guilt or remorse
Childhood---Hurt people and animals-steal
Adulthood—recklessness, no job, breaks the law
Avoidant personality disorder
Want relationships/ fear and disapproval stops them
Shy, withdrawn,
Always have social problems/ phobias
All encompassing condition

67. Explaining personality disorders
Psychological view
Lack of guilt/ failure of developing a conscious or super ego
Harsh punishment/ environment =lack of sense of guilt
experiences influence learning how to relate to people
No role models/ aggressive role models

68. Biological view Genetic\ runs in families
Frontal part of the brain/emotions
Fewer neurons than other people
Less responsive
Less likely to show guilt for their misdeeds
Less likely to fear punishment

69. Section 7
1.What is the major difference between personality disorders and other psychological disorders they may resemble? 2. Describe three behaviors of an individual with avoidant personality disorder. 3. Why do you think people with antisocial personality disorder are often more difficult to treat than people with other ypes of personality disorders?

70. assignment
PAGE 432 Thinking critically (1-5) PAGE 433 Interpreting graphs (1+2) Analyzing primary sources (3+4)